我使用的是 Kali Linux 2.0，在一台与 Windows 7 双启动的笔记本电脑上，我最近安装了一些模块（chiptune）音乐播放器，第二天重新启动后，我在声音设置中发现的唯一声卡是虚拟输出。
所以我尝试清除pulseaudio和alsa，然后再次安装它们，但它不起作用，所以这里有一些命令可以为您提供更多信息：
$ lspci -v
00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor HD Audio Controller (rev 06)
Subsystem: CLEVO/KAPOK Computer Device 6505
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 11
Memory at f7a14000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
Capabilities: <access denied>
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset High Definition Audio Controller (rev 05)
Subsystem: CLEVO/KAPOK Computer Device 6505
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 5
Memory at f7a10000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
Capabilities: <access denied>
我只保留了音频设备，但我注意到它们没有任何正在使用的内核驱动程序。
$ lsmod | grep intel
intel_powerclamp 20480 0
intel_rapl 20480 0
iosf_mbi 16384 1 intel_rapl
kvm_intel 151552 0
kvm 425984 1 kvm_intel
crc32c_intel 24576 0
ghash_clmulni_intel 16384 0
aesni_intel 167936 0
aes_x86_64 20480 1 aesni_intel
lrw 16384 1 aesni_intel
glue_helper 16384 1 aesni_intel
ablk_helper 16384 1 aesni_intel
cryptd 20480 3 ghash_clmulni_intel,aesni_intel,ablk_helper
thermal_sys 32768 5 video,intel_powerclamp,thermal,processor,x86_pkg_temp_thermal
似乎没有任何结果lsmod | grep snd
$ aplay -l
aplay: device_list:218: no soundcards found...
所有这些让我认为驱动程序可能是原因，但我从未删除它们，我什至重新安装了我删除的每个软件包，这可能是导致此问题的原因。
我不知道它是否有用，但这是modprobe英特尔驱动程序命令的结果：
$ sudo modinfo snd-hda-intel
filename: /lib/modules/4.0.0-kali1-amd64/kernel/sound/pci/hda/snd-hda-intel.ko
description: Intel HDA driver
license: GPL
alias: pci:v00001022d*sv*sd*bc04sc03i00*
alias: pci:v00001002d*sv*sd*bc04sc03i00*
alias: pci:v000015ADd00001977sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v000017F3d00003010sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v000013F6d00005011sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001102d00000009sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001102d00000012sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001102d00000010sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00006549d00002200sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00006549d00001200sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v000010DEd*sv*sd*bc04sc03i00*
alias: pci:v000010B9d00005461sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001039d00007502sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001106d00009140sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001106d00009170sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001106d00003288sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AAB0sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AAA8sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AAA0sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d00009902sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA98sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA90sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA88sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA80sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA68sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA60sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA58sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA50sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA48sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA40sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA38sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA30sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA28sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA20sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA18sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA10sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA08sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000AA00sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000970Fsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000960Fsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d00007919sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000793Bsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001022d0000780Dsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d00004383sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00001002d0000437Bsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d*sv*sd*bc04sc03i00*
alias: pci:v00008086d00003A6Esv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00003A3Esv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000293Fsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000293Esv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000284Bsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000269Asv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000027D8sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00002668sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00002284sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00000F04sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000080Asv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000811Bsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00003B56sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000160Csv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00000D0Csv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00000C0Csv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00000A0Csv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00009D70sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000A170sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00009CA0sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00009C21sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00009C20sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00008D21sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00008D20sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00008CA0sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00008C20sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00001E20sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00001D20sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00001C20sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
depends: snd-hda-controller,snd-hda-codec,snd-pcm,snd
intree: Y
vermagic: 4.0.0-kali1-amd64 SMP mod_unload modversions
parm: index:Index value for Intel HD audio interface. (array of int)
parm: id:ID string for Intel HD audio interface. (array of charp)
parm: enable:Enable Intel HD audio interface. (array of bool)
parm: model:Use the given board model. (array of charp)
parm: position_fix:DMA pointer read method.(-1 = system default, 0 = auto, 1 = LPIB, 2 = POSBUF, 3 = VIACOMBO, 4 = COMBO). (array of int)
parm: bdl_pos_adj:BDL position adjustment offset. (array of int)
parm: probe_mask:Bitmask to probe codecs (default = -1). (array of int)
parm: probe_only:Only probing and no codec initialization. (array of int)
parm: jackpoll_ms:Ms between polling for jack events (default = 0, using unsol events only) (array of int)
parm: single_cmd:Use single command to communicate with codecs (for debugging only). (bool)
parm: enable_msi:Enable Message Signaled Interrupt (MSI) (bint)
parm: patch:Patch file for Intel HD audio interface. (array of charp)
parm: beep_mode:Select HDA Beep registration mode (0=off, 1=on) (default=1). (array of bool)
parm: power_save:Automatic power-saving timeout (in second, 0 = disable). (xint)
parm: power_save_controller:Reset controller in power save mode. (bool)
parm: align_buffer_size:Force buffer and period sizes to be multiple of 128 bytes. (bint)
parm: snoop:Enable/disable snooping (bint)
答案1
由于我没有答案，我最终重新编译了整个内核，现在我的声音再次工作了。现在的结果lspci -v是：
00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor HD Audio Controller (rev 06)
Subsystem: CLEVO/KAPOK Computer Device 6505
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 32
Memory at f7a14000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
Capabilities: <access denied>
Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset High Definition Audio Controller (rev 05)
Subsystem: CLEVO/KAPOK Computer Device 6505
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 29
Memory at f7a10000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
Capabilities: <access denied>
Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
这意味着问题出在内核驱动程序上。但我仍然不知道如何在不重新编译整个内核的情况下解决这个问题。