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主目录备份中可以排除哪些文件和目录？

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主目录备份中可以排除哪些文件和目录？

表里不一在进行高效备份方面已经做得很好了，但我仍然想尽量减少需要备份的文件量。

主目录中可以排除哪些文件或目录？请明确命名这些文件或目录，允许使用通配符，路径相对于主目录。

答案1

大多数这些文件和目录如果丢失都会重新创建。它们主要用于缩短应用程序的启动时间（Firefox 扩展缓存）、指示锁定（.gksu.lock）或包含特定于会话的信息（例如 dbus 会话的 ID）。最近的文档经常更改，因此通常不需要备份。

这些目录可能会被排除：

.gvfs                           # contains mounted file systems?
.local/share/gvfs-metadata
.Private                        # contains the actual encrypted home directory
.dbus                           # session-specific
.cache
.Trash                          # do I need to say more?
.local/share/Trash
.cddb                           # cached info about audio CDs
.aptitude                       # cached packages lists

Flash 特定：

.adobe        # Cache for flash, maybe others?
.macromedia   # except for Flash persistence, there is no reason to keep this

文件：

.xsession-errors            # contains errors from the current graphical session
.recently-used              # recently used files
.recently-used.xbel
.thumbnails
.Xauthority                 # session-specific
.ICEauthority
.gksu.lock
.pulse                      # directory
.pulse-cookie
.esd_auth

KDE 特定：

.kde/share/apps/RecentDocuments # Recent documents on KDE
.kde/share/apps/klipper         # Contains a history of the Klipper clipboard (KDE)
.kde/share/apps/okular/docdata  # you will loose saved scrolling positions of PDFs
.kde/share/apps/gwenview/recentfolders
.kde/share/apps/kmess/displaypics  # cached other users' profile pics
.kde/share/apps/kmess/customemoticons  # cached emoticons of others

Firefox 专用（另请参阅配置文件文件夹)：

.mozilla/firefox/*/Cache
.mozilla/firefox/*/minidumps    # in case Fx crashes dumps will be stored in this
.mozilla/firefox/*/.parentlock       # session-specific           
.mozilla/firefox/*/urlclassifier3.sqlite  # phishing database, recreated
.mozilla/firefox/*/blocklist.xml   # blacklisted extensions
.mozilla/firefox/*/extensions.sqlite  # extension database, recreated on startup
.mozilla/firefox/*/extensions.sqlite-journal
.mozilla/firefox/*/extensions.rdf
.mozilla/firefox/*/extensions.ini
.mozilla/firefox/*/extensions.cache
.mozilla/firefox/*/XUL.mfasl     # cached UI data, recreated
.mozilla/firefox/*/XPC.mfasl
.mozilla/firefox/*/xpti.dat
.mozilla/firefox/*/compreg.dat

Opera 专用（Superuser.com 上的相关问题：Opera 配置文件文件夹中的文件和目录是否有文档？)：

.opera/temporary_downloads
.opera/cache
.opera/thumbnails
.opera/opcache
.opera/icons
.opera/application_cache
.opera/widgets/*/cache
.opera/lock

科莫多龙 编辑：

.komodoedit/*/codeintel/db
.komodoedit/*/host-*/*/codeintel
.komodoedit/*/XRE/Cache
.komodoedit/*/XRE/.activatestate/komodo edit/Crash Reports
.komodoedit/*/XRE/.activatestate/komodo edit/*/Cache
.komodoedit/*/XRE/.activatestate/komodo edit/*/minidump
.komodoedit/*/XRE/.parentlock
.komodoedit/*/XRE/extensions.rdf
.komodoedit/*/XRE/extensions.ini
.komodoedit/*/XRE/extensions.cache
.komodoedit/*/XRE/XPC.mfasl
.komodoedit/*/XRE/XUL.mfasl
.komodoedit/*/XRE/xpti.dat
.komodoedit/*/XRE/pluginreg.dat
.komodoedit/*/XRE/compreg.dat
.komodoedit/*/XRE/*.sqlite-journal
.komodoedit/*/pystdout.log
.komodoedit/*/pystderr.log
.komodoedit/*/history.sqlite.bak
.komodoedit/*/running.lock
.komodoedit/*/mutex.lock
.komodoedit/*/*.xmlc
.komodoedit/*/startup-env.tmp
.komoeoedit/*/commandments.fifo
.komoeoedit/*/history.sqlite

GnuPG：

.gnupg/rnd
.gnupg/random_seed
.gnupg/.#*
.gnupg/*.lock
.gnupg/gpg-agent-info-*

谷歌浏览器：

.config/google-chrome/Default/Local Storage
.config/google-chrome/Default/Session Storage
.config/google-chrome/Default/Application Cache
.config/google-chrome/Default/History Index *

其他应用：

.pulse/icons                  # Pidgin
.java/deployment/cache        # Cached applets
.icedteaplugin
.icedtea
.gnome2/epiphany/favicon_cache
.dropbox                      # to avoid problems, let Dropbox re-create these
.dropbox-dist

答案2

好问题。我喜欢这些——我们可以收集社区意见/列表并挑选相关内容。这是我的.exclude文件。我将这个文件提供给同步作为--exclude-file=多个脚本中的参数（你也可以使用表里不一)。请注意，问题暗示“您想要/需要保存什么”。例如，我备份了我的完整.mozillaDIR，因为它包含多个配置文件和调整，并且更容易将其作为一个整体转储回磁盘。我的配置中也暗示：我做了很多“从头开始安装”以进行测试。所以我有一个克隆已知良好的清洁基础安装的图像，我将存储在 USB 上的个人（/home）数据添加到磁盘上；有时是有选择地添加，有时作为一个整体添加。

# Filename: admin/dotfiles/exclude
# Create Date: 20110307-23:36HRS
# ln -s admin/dotfiles/exclude ~/.exclude

.cache
.adobe
.aptitude
.compiz # no settings here; processes
.dbus
.dropbox # don't try to restore and reinitialize either of
.dropbox-dist # these DIRs; very messy results can happen
.elegant-gnome-backup
.fontconfig
.gnome2_private # MT; at least on my system
.pulse*
.gconfd
.gvfs
.macromedia
.local/share/Trash/
.thumbnails
Downloads/
Dropbox/ # recreated on re-initialization
Public/
Music/
Templates/ # stored on U1
Ubuntu One/ # recreated on re-initialization
wdir/iso/
wdir/backups/

答案3

我在创建了一个忽略列表https://github.com/rubo77/rsync-homedir-excludes

您可以将它与 Duplicity 或 rsync 一起使用，例如：

rsync -aP --exclude-from=rsync-homedir-excludes.txt /home/$USER/ /media/$USER/linuxbackup/home/$USER/

我们会定期更新，目前我们拥有以下内容：

################################################
# These directories may definitely be excluded #
################################################

# Contains mounted file systems:

.gvfs
.local/share/gvfs-metadata
# contains the actual encrypted home directory
/.Private

# Session-specific:
/.dbus
/.cache
/.Trash
.Trash-1*
.local/share/Trash
/Trash

# Cached info about audio CDs:
.cddb

# Cached packages lists:
.aptitude

# Node Package Manager cache
.npm

#Flash-specific:

# Cache for flash, maybe others?
.adobe
# except for Flash persistence, there is no reason to keep this
.macromedia

#Files:

# Contains errors from the current graphical session
.xsession-errors
.wayland-errors

# Recently used files
.local/share/RecentDocuments
.recently-used
.recently-used.xbel
.thumbnails
.thumb
Thumbs.db
.DS_Store
.localised
.bash_history
.CFUserTextEncoding

# Common Unix Printing System
/.cups

# run-time configuration information for Subversion
/.subversion

# Python virtual environments
/.virtualenvs

# Session-specific
.Xauthority
.ICEauthority
.gksu.lock
.pulse
.pulse-cookie
.esd_auth

#KDE specific:

# Recent documents on KDE
.kde/share/apps/RecentDocuments
.kde4/share/apps/RecentDocuments
# Contains a history of the Klipper clipboard (KDE)
.kde/share/apps/klipper
.kde4/share/apps/klipper
# You will loose saved scrolling positions of PDFs
.kde/share/apps/okular/docdata
.kde/share/apps/gwenview/recentfolders
.kde4/share/apps/okular/docdata
.kde4/share/apps/gwenview/recentfolders
# Cached other users' profile pics
.kde/share/apps/kmess/displaypics
.kde4/share/apps/kmess/displaypics
# Cached emoticons of others
.kde/share/apps/kmess/customemoticons
.kde4/share/apps/kmess/customemoticons

#Firefox-specific (see also Profile folder):

.mozilla/firefox/*/Cache
# in case Fx crashes dumps will be stored in this
.mozilla/firefox/*/minidumps
# session-specific 
.mozilla/firefox/*/.parentlock
# phishing database, recreated
.mozilla/firefox/*/urlclassifier3.sqlite
# blacklisted extensions
.mozilla/firefox/*/blocklist.xml
# extension database, recreated on startup
.mozilla/firefox/*/extensions.sqlite
.mozilla/firefox/*/extensions.sqlite-journal
.mozilla/firefox/*/extensions.rdf
.mozilla/firefox/*/extensions.ini
.mozilla/firefox/*/extensions.cache
# cached UI data, recreated
.mozilla/firefox/*/XUL.mfasl
.mozilla/firefox/*/XPC.mfasl
.mozilla/firefox/*/xpti.dat
.mozilla/firefox/*/compreg.dat
# cached plugin data, recreated
.mozilla/firefox/*/pluginreg.dat

#SeaMonkey-specific (see also Profile folder):

.mozilla/seamonkey/*/Cache
# in case Fx crashes dumps will be stored in this
.mozilla/seamonkey/*/minidumps
# session-specific 
.mozilla/seamonkey/*/.parentlock
# blacklisted extensions
.mozilla/seamonkey/*/blocklist.xml
# extension database, recreated on startup
.mozilla/seamonkey/*/extensions.sqlite
.mozilla/seamonkey/*/extensions.rdf
.mozilla/seamonkey/*/extensions.ini
# cached UI data, recreated
.mozilla/seamonkey/*/xpti.dat
.mozilla/seamonkey/*/compreg.dat
# cached plugin data, recreated
.mozilla/seamonkey/*/pluginreg.dat

# Thunderbird Cache in your profile folder
.thunderbird/*/Cache

#Opera-specific (related question on Superuser.com: Is documentation available on files and directories in the Opera profile folder?):

.opera/temporary_downloads
.opera/cache
.opera/thumbnails
.opera/opcache
.opera/icons
.opera/application_cache
.opera/widgets/*/cache
.opera/lock

# Keychain dir (manage SSH and GPG keys, front-end to ssh-agent and ssh-add)
/.keychain

#Komodo Edit:

.komodoedit/*/codeintel/db
.komodoedit/*/host-*/*/codeintel
.komodoedit/*/XRE/Cache
.komodoedit/*/XRE/.activatestate/komodo edit/Crash Reports
.komodoedit/*/XRE/.activatestate/komodo edit/*/Cache
.komodoedit/*/XRE/.activatestate/komodo edit/*/minidump
.komodoedit/*/XRE/.parentlock
.komodoedit/*/XRE/extensions.rdf
.komodoedit/*/XRE/extensions.ini
.komodoedit/*/XRE/extensions.cache
.komodoedit/*/XRE/XPC.mfasl
.komodoedit/*/XRE/XUL.mfasl
.komodoedit/*/XRE/xpti.dat
.komodoedit/*/XRE/pluginreg.dat
.komodoedit/*/XRE/compreg.dat
.komodoedit/*/XRE/*.sqlite-journal
.komodoedit/*/pystdout.log
.komodoedit/*/pystderr.log
.komodoedit/*/history.sqlite.bak
.komodoedit/*/running.lock
.komodoedit/*/mutex.lock
.komodoedit/*/*.xmlc
.komodoedit/*/startup-env.tmp
.komoeoedit/*/commandments.fifo
.komoeoedit/*/history.sqlite

#GnuPG:

.gnupg/rnd
.gnupg/random_seed
.gnupg/.#*
.gnupg/*.lock
.gnupg/gpg-agent-info-*

#Google Chrome:

.config/google-chrome/Default/Local Storage
.config/google-chrome/Default/Session Storage
.config/google-chrome/Default/Application Cache
.config/google-chrome/Default/History Index *

#Chromium:

.config/chromium/Default/Local Storage
.config/chromium/Default/Session Storage
.config/chromium/Default/Application Cache
.config/chromium/Default/History Index *

#Local repositories (added by errantlinguist on 2015-04-13):
.gradle/caches
/.m2/repository

#indexer
.local/share/baloo
.local/share/zeitgeist
.local/share/akonadi

#Other apps:

# Pidgin
.pulse/icons
# Cached applets
.guayadeque/cache.db
.java/deployment/cache
.icedteaplugin
.icedtea
.gnome2/epiphany/favicon_cache

# other temporary files 
nohup.out

###############################################
# directories, probably not worth a backup    #
# (uncomment the files you don't need)        #
###############################################

#.android
#.AndroidStudio*/
#Android/Sdk
#.gradle
#.gvm
#.grails/
#.grails_history
#.kde/share/apps/nepomuk
#.local/share/notbit
#.local/libvirt
#.vagrant
#.vagrant.d
#.wine
#.twister
#/twister
#Applications/eclipse*
#/Downloads
#*Popcorntime*
#/Scribus
#/VirtualBox*
#
## Add Game Folders here:
#
#/games
#.local/share/Steam
#.steam
#Steam
#.minecraft
#.PlayOnLinux

答案4

我最近一直在考虑做这样的事情，我注意到我的主目录中我不想备份的许多文件似乎没有设置组权限。如果其他系统也存在同样的情况，那么可以使用以下命令获取可能的嫌疑人列表：

find ~ -not -perm -g+r

（尽管检查了输出，因为虽然我的输出看起来大部分都很好，但我的电子邮件收件箱也出现在列表中，而且我不知道它对其他人的效果如何。）

这对我来说特别有吸引力，因为我的主目录是加密的（包括文件名），所以手动排除列表会是一个 PITA，而我应该能够使用组权限来自动生成排除列表。

（我知道这个帖子很旧，但我认为这可能对某些人有用。）

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