即使在恢复模式下，我也会遇到此问题，即使使用仍位于 Grub 菜单中的老版本 Ubuntu 也是如此。我运行了 Boot Repair 的默认修复（如这个问题)，但无济于事。
这是启动时出现的内容：
...[sdb] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto real locate failed
...mount: mounting /dev/disk/bu-uuid/d818.... on /root failed: Invalid argument
...
Target filesystem doesn't have requested /sbin/init
BusyBox v1.18.4... built-in shell (ash)
...
(initramfs)
然后我输入 exit并得到
... Kernel panic ... not synching: Attempted to kill init!
... Pid: 1, com: init Not tainted 3.0.0-16-generic #28-Ubuntu
这就是dmesg |tail我所得到的
[ 1724.112966] Descriptor sense data with sense descriptors (in hex)
[ 1724.112970] 72 03 11 04 00 00 00 0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00
[ 1724.112991] 00 84 d3 21
[ 1724.113000] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
[ 1724.113015] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 00 84 d3 1f 00 00 08 00
[ 1724.113030] end_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 8704801
[ 1724.113046] JBD2: Failed to read block at offset 6748
[ 1724.113057] ata3: EH complete
[ 1724.113059] JBD2: recovery failed
[ 1724.113063] EXT4-fs (sdb1): error loading journal
下面是启动信息摘要。看来 Ubuntu 所在的 sdb1 没有挂载：“错误的 fs 类型错误的选项，错误的超级块。”
我怎样才能启动我的 Ubuntu？
Boot Info Script 0.61.full + Boot-Repair extra info [Boot-Info September 18th 2012]
============================= Boot Info Summary: ===============================
=> Syslinux MBR (3.61-4.03) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda.
=> Grub2 (v1.99) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb and looks at sector 1 of
the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks
for (,msdos1)/boot/grub on this drive.
=> Grub2 (v1.99) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdc and looks at sector 1 of
the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks
in partition 1 for /boot/grub.
sda1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System: Windows 7
Boot files: /bootmgr /Boot/BCD /Windows/System32/winload.exe
/ntldr /NTDETECT.COM
sdb1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Mounting failed: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb1,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so
sdb2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: Extended Partition
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
sdb5: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: swap
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
sdb3: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System:
Boot files:
sdc1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files:
============================ Drive/Partition Info: =============================
Drive: sda _____________________________________________________________________
Disk /dev/sda: 82.0 GB, 81964302336 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9964 cylinders, total 160086528 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sda1 * 63 160,071,659 160,071,597 7 NTFS / exFAT / HPFS
Drive: sdb _____________________________________________________________________
Disk /dev/sdb: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 63 19,535,039 19,534,977 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 300,576,150 312,576,704 12,000,555 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 300,576,213 312,576,704 12,000,492 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sdb3 19,535,040 300,576,149 281,041,110 83 Linux
Drive: sdc _____________________________________________________________________
Disk /dev/sdc: 1000.2 GB, 1000202043392 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121600 cylinders, total 1953519616 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sdc1 * 2,048 1,953,519,615 1,953,517,568 7 NTFS / exFAT / HPFS
"blkid" output: ________________________________________________________________
Device UUID TYPE LABEL
/dev/loop0 squashfs
/dev/sda1 1EC8A6D4C8A6AA0B ntfs Local Disk
/dev/sdb1 d8183543-f97b-4f71-b27f-3fa8426ccfdd ext4
/dev/sdb3 f7d87294-1460-459b-a29a-76a8ca85526f ext4
/dev/sdb5 6036269d-9307-4ec0-b67e-0d28a0b2f790 swap
/dev/sdc1 FCCE6E20CE6DD404 ntfs Elements
================================ Mount points: =================================
Device Mount_Point Type Options
/dev/sdc1 /media/Elements fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096,default_permissions)
/dev/sr0 /live/image iso9660 (ro,noatime)
=============================== StdErr Messages: ===============================
No volume groups found
mdadm: No arrays found in config file or automatically
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION :
=================== log of boot-repair 2012-10-04__20h16 ===================
boot-repair version : 3.193-0ppa22~lucid
boot-sav version : 3.193-0ppa39~lucid
glade2script-gtk2 version : 0.0.1-0ppa4~lucid
boot-sav-nonfree version :
/usr/share/boot-sav/gui-update.sh: line 77: add-apt-repository: command not found
/usr/share/boot-sav/gui-update.sh: line 77: add-apt-repository: command not found
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/yannubuntu/os-uninstaller/ubuntu lucid main
/usr/share/boot-sav/gui-update.sh: line 77: add-apt-repository: command not found
/usr/share/boot-sav/gui-update.sh: line 77: add-apt-repository: command not found
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/yannubuntu/boot-repair/ubuntu lucid main
W: GPG error: http://ppa.launchpad.net lucid Release: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 32B18A1260D8DA0B
W: GPG error: http://ppa.launchpad.net lucid Release: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 32B18A1260D8DA0B
W: Duplicate sources.list entry http://ppa.launchpad.net/yannubuntu/boot-repair/ubuntu/ lucid/main i386 Packages (/var/lib/apt/lists/ppa.launchpad.net_yannubuntu_boot-repair_ubuntu_dists_lucid_main_binary-i386_Packages)
W: Duplicate sources.list entry http://ppa.launchpad.net/yannubuntu/os-uninstaller/ubuntu/ lucid/main i386 Packages (/var/lib/apt/lists/ppa.launchpad.net_yannubuntu_os-uninstaller_ubuntu_dists_lucid_main_binary-i386_Packages)
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 63 not upgraded.
WARNING: The following packages cannot be authenticated!
os-uninstaller
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 63 not upgraded.
WARNING: The following packages cannot be authenticated!
boot-repair
debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Dialog
debconf: (Dialog frontend will not work on a dumb terminal, an emacs shell buffer, or without a controlling terminal.)
debconf: falling back to frontend: Readline
debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Readline
debconf: (This frontend requires a controlling tty.)
debconf: falling back to frontend: Teletype
debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Dialog
debconf: (Dialog frontend will not work on a dumb terminal, an emacs shell buffer, or without a controlling terminal.)
debconf: falling back to frontend: Readline
debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Readline
debconf: (This frontend requires a controlling tty.)
debconf: falling back to frontend: Teletype
debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Dialog
debconf: (Dialog frontend will not work on a dumb terminal, an emacs shell buffer, or without a controlling terminal.)
debconf: falling back to frontend: Readline
debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Readline
debconf: (This frontend requires a controlling tty.)
debconf: falling back to frontend: Teletype
dpkg-preconfigure: unable to re-open stdin:
debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Dialog
debconf: (Dialog frontend will not work on a dumb terminal, an emacs shell buffer, or without a controlling terminal.)
debconf: falling back to frontend: Readline
debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Readline
debconf: (This frontend requires a controlling tty.)
debconf: falling back to frontend: Teletype
Bus error
No volume groups found
boot-repair is executed in live-session (Boot-Repair-Disk 18.07.2012, squeeze, Debian, i686)
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
initrd=/live/initrd.img boot=live config quiet BOOT_IMAGE=/live/vmlinuz
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb1,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so
sudo: cannot get working directory
=================== os-prober:
/dev/sda1:Windows 7 (loader):Windows:chain
=================== blkid:
/dev/sda1: LABEL="Local Disk" UUID="1EC8A6D4C8A6AA0B" TYPE="ntfs"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="d8183543-f97b-4f71-b27f-3fa8426ccfdd" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sdb3: UUID="f7d87294-1460-459b-a29a-76a8ca85526f" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sdb5: UUID="6036269d-9307-4ec0-b67e-0d28a0b2f790" TYPE="swap"
/dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/sdc1: LABEL="Elements" UUID="FCCE6E20CE6DD404" TYPE="ntfs"
1 disks with OS, 1 OS : 0 Linux, 0 MacOS, 1 Windows, 0 unknown type OS.
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb1,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so
=================== dmesg | grep EFI :
This live-session is not EFI-compatible.
=================== PARTITIONS & DISKS:
sda1 : sda, not-sepboot, no-grubenv nogrub, no-docgrub, no-update-grub, 32, no-boot, is-os, not--efi--part, part-has-no-fstab, part-has-no-fstab, ntldr, haswinload, no-recov-nor-hid, bootmgr, is-winboot, nopakmgr, nogrubinstall, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, standard, not-far, /mnt/boot-sav/sda1.
sdb1 : sdb, maybesepboot, no-grubenv nogrub, no-docgrub, no-update-grub, 32, no-boot, no-os, not--efi--part, part-has-no-fstab, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot, nopakmgr, nogrubinstall, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, standard, not-far, /mnt/boot-sav/sdb1.
sdb3 : sdb, maybesepboot, no-grubenv nogrub, no-docgrub, no-update-grub, 32, no-boot, no-os, not--efi--part, part-has-no-fstab, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot, nopakmgr, nogrubinstall, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, standard, not-far, /mnt/boot-sav/sdb3.
sdc1 : sdc, not-sepboot, no-grubenv nogrub, no-docgrub, no-update-grub, 32, no-boot, no-os, not--efi--part, part-has-no-fstab, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot, nopakmgr, nogrubinstall, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, standard, not-far, /media/Elements.
sda : not-GPT, BIOSboot-not-needed, has-no-EFIpart, not-usb, has-os, 63 sectors * 512 bytes
sdb : not-GPT, BIOSboot-not-needed, has-no-EFIpart, not-usb, no-os, 63 sectors * 512 bytes
sdc : not-GPT, BIOSboot-not-needed, has-no-EFIpart, usb-disk, no-os, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes
=================== parted -l:
Model: ATA Maxtor 6Y080L0 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 82.0GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 32.3kB 82.0GB 82.0GB primary ntfs boot
Model: ATA WDC WD1600AAJS-2 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 160GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 32.3kB 10.0GB 10.0GB primary ext4 boot
3 10.0GB 154GB 144GB primary ext4
2 154GB 160GB 6144MB extended
5 154GB 160GB 6144MB logical linux-swap(v1)
Model: WD Ext HDD 1021 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 1000GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 1000GB 1000GB primary ntfs boot
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0
has been opened read-only.
Error: /dev/sr0: unrecognised disk label
=================== parted -lm:
BYT;
/dev/sda:82.0GB:scsi:512:512:msdos:ATA Maxtor 6Y080L0;
1:32.3kB:82.0GB:82.0GB:ntfs::boot;
BYT;
/dev/sdb:160GB:scsi:512:512:msdos:ATA WDC WD1600AAJS-2;
1:32.3kB:10.0GB:10.0GB:ext4::boot;
3:10.0GB:154GB:144GB:ext4::;
2:154GB:160GB:6144MB:::;
5:154GB:160GB:6144MB:linux-swap(v1)::;
BYT;
/dev/sdc:1000GB:scsi:512:512:msdos:WD Ext HDD 1021;
1:1049kB:1000GB:1000GB:ntfs::boot;
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0
has been opened read-only.
Error: /dev/sr0: unrecognised disk label
=================== mount:
aufs on / type aufs (rw)
tmpfs on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
udev on /dev type tmpfs (rw,mode=0755)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=620)
/dev/sr0 on /live/image type iso9660 (ro,noatime)
tmpfs on /live/cow type tmpfs (rw,noatime,mode=755)
tmpfs on /live type tmpfs (rw,relatime)
tmpfs on /tmp type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw)
/dev/sdc1 on /media/Elements type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096,default_permissions)
/dev/sda1 on /mnt/boot-sav/sda1 type fuseblk (rw,allow_other,blksize=4096)
/dev/sdb3 on /mnt/boot-sav/sdb3 type ext4 (rw)
=================== ls:
/sys/block/sda (filtered): alignment_offset bdi capability dev device ext_range holders inflight power queue range removable ro sda1 size slaves stat subsystem trace uevent
/sys/block/sdb (filtered): alignment_offset bdi capability dev device ext_range holders inflight power queue range removable ro sdb1 sdb2 sdb3 sdb5 size slaves stat subsystem trace uevent
/sys/block/sdc (filtered): alignment_offset bdi capability dev device ext_range holders inflight power queue range removable ro sdc1 size slaves stat subsystem trace uevent
/sys/block/sr0 (filtered): alignment_offset bdi capability dev device ext_range holders inflight power queue range removable ro size slaves stat subsystem trace uevent
/dev (filtered): agpgart block bsg bus cdrom cdrw char console core cpu_dma_latency disk dri dvd dvdrw fb0 fd full fuse hidraw0 hidraw1 hpet initctl input kmsg log MAKEDEV md mem net network_latency network_throughput null port ppp psaux ptmx pts random rtc rtc0 scd0 sda sda1 sdb sdb1 sdb2 sdb3 sdb5 sdc sdc1 sg0 sg1 sg2 sg3 shm snapshot snd sndstat sr0 stderr stdin stdout urandom vga_arbiter xconsole zero
ls /dev/md:
ls /mnt/boot-sav/sda1: ZFVNK Windows Users temp Information Volume System Shared RECYCLER $Recycle.Bin RebeccaNew Files Program ProgramData pagefile.sys ntldr NTDETECT.COM MSDOS.SYS MAXIS IO.SYS amvvideoconverter iOrgSoft hiberfil.sys FYI_movie found.004 found.003 found.002 found.001 found.000 DVDVideoSoft Settings and Documents config.sys Config.Msi changes.dat boot-sav bootmgr Boot $AVG autoexec.bat
=================== df -Th:
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
aufs aufs 1008M 42M 967M 5% /
tmpfs tmpfs 1008M 0 1008M 0% /lib/init/rw
udev tmpfs 1003M 188K 1003M 1% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 1008M 0 1008M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sr0 iso9660 339M 339M 0 100% /live/image
tmpfs tmpfs 1008M 42M 967M 5% /live/cow
tmpfs tmpfs 1008M 0 1008M 0% /live
tmpfs tmpfs 1008M 8.0K 1008M 1% /tmp
/dev/sdc1 fuseblk 932G 167G 765G 18% /media/Elements
/dev/sda1 fuseblk 77G 61G 16G 80% /mnt/boot-sav/sda1
/dev/sdb3 ext4 132G 57G 69G 46% /mnt/boot-sav/sdb3
=================== fdisk -l:
Disk /dev/sda: 82.0 GB, 81964302336 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9964 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x06e306e2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 9964 80035798+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
Disk /dev/sdb: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xe28a95a8
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 1 1216 9767488+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 18711 19457 6000277+ 5 Extended
/dev/sdb3 1217 18710 140520555 83 Linux
/dev/sdb5 18711 19457 6000246 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition table entries are not in disk order
Disk /dev/sdc: 1000.2 GB, 1000202043392 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121600 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00023830
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 * 1 121601 976758784 7 HPFS/NTFS
=================== Recommended repair
Recommended-Repair
This setting will restore the [(generic mbr)] MBR in sda, and make it boot on sda1.
Additional repair will be performed: unhide-bootmenu-10s
Will restore the MBR_TO_RESTORE : sda (generic mbr) into sda
dd if=/usr/lib/syslinux/mbr.bin of=/dev/sda
0+1 records in
0+1 records out
parted /dev/sda set 1 boot on
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
sudo: cannot get working directory
Boot successfully repaired.
You can now reboot your computer.
答案1
dmesg 命令清楚地指示了硬件错误。重要的部分是：
Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
这告诉您（无论出于何种原因）坏扇区上的信息无法移动到硬盘的正常部分。
如果该设备上有其他操作系统，您可以运行智能诊断并查看可以采取什么措施。您可以尝试以下方法这个（非免费）软件进行表面测试。
ext4 中存在大量冗余，因此我暂时还不必太担心数据。但为了以防万一，请将备份恢复到其他地方。