已安装HP Linux 成像和打印通过使用安装脚本,然后出现崩溃。现在我只是我自己群组的成员lp
。
例如,Ubuntu 12.10 中的用户默认组有哪些?与此相同?
出于好奇,是否有地方记录这些信息?例如,某个日志文件显示我的用户上次启动时属于哪些组?这些信息(哪些组是默认的)是否记录在某处?
答案1
A)简短回答
默认组;以用户 123 为例,全新安装时 - (groups
在终端中使用命令):
user123 adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashare
与 11.04 相比有差异
admin
被替换为sudo
dialout
已移除dip
被添加。
获取/查看默认值。可能也适用于其他各种情况;请执行以下操作:
sudo grep user-setup /var/log/installer/syslog
B) 恢复默认组
(添加此项以使其更加完整)
1. 识别群体
我总是设置 root 密码,但如果您没有使用 live CD、live USB、其他安装等来获取文件。
如果你有设置root密码(通过ie):
sudo passwd root
并失去了sudo
特权:
su - root
grep user-setup /var/log/installer/syslog
给你即
... user-setup: pwconv: failed to change the mode of /etc/passwd- to 0600
... user-setup: Shadow passwords are now on.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' ...
... user-setup: Adding new group `user123' (1000) ...
... user-setup: Adding new user `user123' (1000) with group `user123' ...
... user-setup: Creating home directory `/home/user123' ...
... user-setup: Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
... user-setup: addgroup: The group `lpadmin' already exists as a system group. Exiting.
... user-setup: Adding group `sambashare' (GID 124) ...
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `adm' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group adm
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `cdrom' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group cdrom
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `dip' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group dip
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `lpadmin' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group lpadmin
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `plugdev' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group plugdev
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `sambashare' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group sambashare
... user-setup: Done.
... user-setup: adduser: The group `debian-tor' does not exist.
... user-setup: Adding user `user123' to group `sudo' ...
... user-setup: Adding user user123 to group sudo
... user-setup: Done.
... ubiquity: Removing user-setup ...
... ubiquity: Purging configuration files for user-setup ...
或者:
su - root
grep "user-setup: Adding user user123 to group" /var/log/installer/syslog | cut -d' ' -f11
得出的结果是:
adm
cdrom
dip
lpadmin
plugdev
sambashare
sudo
(不知道为什么dip
突然变成了安装的默认组。与被删除有关吗dialout
?)
2.a 更新组 - 使用“内置”根访问权限
也一样,根,为用户添加组,即用户user123
:
usermod -a -G adm,cdrom,lpadmin,sudo,sambashare,dip,plugdev user123
在哪里 (12.10 版本有些过时):
adm Monitor system logs
cdrom Use CD-ROM drives
lpadmin Configure printers
sudo administer the system, ...
sambashare Share files with the local network
dip Connect to the Internet using a modem
plugdev Access external storage devices
您可能需要的一些额外物品:(检查您拥有的物品root@YOURPC:~# id -nG user123
)
dialout ttyS*/Serial/COM1,COM2 ...
vboxusers Virtual Box
user123 Your own group
如果您愿意,请仔细检查 /etc/group ,即(这里还有一些额外内容):
root@YOURPC:~# grep user123 /etc/group
adm:x:4:user123
audio:x:29:user123,timidity,pulse
video:x:44:user123
lp:x:7:user123
dialout:x:20:user123
cdrom:x:24:user123
sudo:x:27:user123
dip:x:30:user123
plugdev:x:46:user123
lpadmin:x:107:user123
user123:x:1000:
sambashare:x:124:user123
vboxusers:x:127:user123
autologin:x:1001:user123
另外,也可以启动救援模式,然后
mount -o remount,rw /
usermod -G adm,cdrom,lpadmin,sudo,sambashare,dip,plugdev user123
注销并登录. 群组应该更新。
2.b 更新组 - 使用 Live-CD 等的 root 访问权限。
xxx
这是运行实时版本时文件系统的挂载位置,即/media/foo
。
/xxx/etc/group
使用手动编辑文件维格尔并按照前面的清单添加用户。
或者;仅将用户添加到 sudo;如下所示:
sudo:x:27:user123
usermod
通过执行以下命令启动安装并更新sudo
:
sudo usermod -a -G adm,cdrom,lpadmin,sudo,sambashare,dip,plugdev user123
注销并登录. 群组应该更新。
双重注释:admin
从 11.10 开始不再是 Ubuntu 的一部分,取而代之的是sudo
。
答案2
除了自己的用户组之外,全新安装的用户还属于以下默认组:
Ubuntu 版本 | 默认组 |
---|---|
Ubuntu 11.04 | adm dialout cdrom plugdev lpadmin admin sambashare |
Ubuntu 12.10 | adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashare |
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS | adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashare |
Ubuntu 15.10 | adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashare |
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS | adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashare |
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS | adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashare |