我刚刚将我的 Ubuntu 从 12 更新到 13，执行以下操作：
apt-get update
...
apt-get upgrade
下次，我可能应该简单地使用：
apt-get dist-upgrade
我现在的版本是：
lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 13.04
Release: 13.04
Codename: raring
当我尝试更新系统时出现错误：
apt-get update
E: Type ‘sudo’ is not known on line 64 in source list /etc/apt/sources.list
E: The list of sources could not be read.
所以我做了一次清除：
ppa-purge -purge *
Updating packages lists
E: Type ‘sudo’ is not known on line 64 in source list /etc/apt/sources.list
E: The list of sources could not be read.
Warning: apt-get update failed for some reason
PPA to be removed: * urge
Warning: Could not find package list for PPA: * urge
来源：
cd /etc/apt
ls
apt.conf.d sources.list.d trustdb.gpg trusted.gpg.d
preferences.d sources.list.distUpgrade trusted.gpg
sources.list sources.list.save trusted.gpg~
ls .*
.:
apt.conf.d sources.list.d trustdb.gpg trusted.gpg.d
preferences.d sources.list.distUpgrade trusted.gpg
sources.list sources.list.save trusted.gpg~
..:
acpi logrotate.conf
adduser.conf logrotate.d
adjtime lsb-base
akonadi lsb-base-logging.sh
alternatives lsb-release
anacrontab ltrace.conf
apg.conf lvm
apm macfanctl.conf
apparmor magic
apparmor.d magic.mime
apport mailcap
apt mailcap.order
aptdaemon manpath.config
at.deny matchbox
at-spi2 mime.types
avahi mke2fs.conf
bash.bashrc modprobe.d
bash_completion modules
bash_completion.d motd
bindresvport.blacklist mtab
blkid.conf mtab.fuselock
blkid.tab mtools.conf
bluetooth mysql
brlapi.key nanorc
brltty netscsid.conf
brltty.conf network
ca-certificates NetworkManager
ca-certificates.conf networks
ca-certificates.conf.dpkg-old newt
calendar nsswitch.conf
chatscripts obex-data-server
checkbox.d ODBCDataSources
colord.conf odbc.ini
compizconfig odbcinst.ini
ConsoleKit openal
console-setup openvpn
cracklib opt
cron.d os-release
cron.daily pam.conf
cron.hourly pam.d
cron.monthly papersize
crontab passwd
cron.weekly passwd-
crypttab pcmcia
cups perl
cupshelpers pkcs11
dbus-1 pm
debconf.conf pnm2ppa.conf
debian_version polkit-1
default popularity-contest.conf
deluser.conf ppp
depmod.d printcap
dhcp profile
dhcp3 profile.d
dictionaries-common protocols
dkms pulse
dnsmasq.d purple
doc-base python
dpkg python2.7
drirc python3
emacs python3.2
environment python3.3
firefox qemu
fonts qemu-ifdown
foomatic qemu-ifup
foremost.conf rc0.d
fstab rc1.d
fstab.d rc2.d
fuse.conf rc3.d
gai.conf rc4.d
gconf rc5.d
gdb rc6.d
ghostscript rc.local
gimp rcS.d
gnome remote-login-service.conf
gnome-app-install resolvconf
gnome-settings-daemon resolv.conf
groff rmt
group rpc
group- rsyslog.conf
grub.d rsyslog.d
grub.d.bak samba
gshadow sane.d
gshadow- securetty
gtk-2.0 security
gtk-3.0 selinux
hdparm.conf sensors3.conf
host.conf sensors.d
hostname services
hosts sgml
hosts.allow shadow
hosts.deny shadow-
hp shells
icedtea-web signond.conf
ifplugd signon-ui
init skel
init.d snmp
initramfs-tools speech-dispatcher
inputrc ssh
insserv ssl
insserv.conf subversion
insserv.conf.d sudoers
iproute2 sudoers.d
issue sysctl.conf
issue.net sysctl.d
java-6-openjdk systemd
kbd terminfo
kde4 thunderbird
kde4rc timezone
kernel ucf.conf
kernel-img.conf udev
kerneloops.conf udisks2
kernel-pkg.conf ufw
ksysguarddrc updatedb.conf
kubuntu-default-settings update-manager
kvm update-motd.d
ldap update-notifier
ld.so.cache UPower
ld.so.conf upstart-xsessions
ld.so.conf.d usb_modeswitch.conf
legal usb_modeswitch.d
libaudit.conf vim
libnl-3 vtrgb
libpaper.d wgetrc
libreoffice wodim.conf
lightdm wpa_supplicant
lintianrc X11
locale.alias xdg
localtime xml
logcheck xul-ext
login.defs zsh_command_not_found
正如建议的那样，这是我的 sources.list：
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.10 _Quantal Quetzal_ - Release amd64 (20121017.5)]/ quantal main restricted
# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring main restricted
deb-src http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring main restricted
## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-updates main restricted
deb-src http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-updates main restricted
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring universe
deb-src http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring universe
deb http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-updates universe
deb-src http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-updates universe
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring multiverse
deb-src http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring multiverse
deb http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-updates multiverse
deb-src http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-updates multiverse
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu raring-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu raring-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu raring-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu raring-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu raring-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu raring-security multiverse
## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu quantal partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu quantal partner
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party
## developers who want to ship their latest software.
deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu raring main
deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu raring main
## for ArgoUML
# deb http://archive.getdeb.net/ubuntu/ oneiric-getdeb apps # disabled on upgrade to raring
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ lucid partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ lucid partner
# command line editor (nano)
sudo -e /etc/apt/sources.list
# graphical editor
gksu gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
有人能解释一下吗？升级之前不存在这个问题。
我在双启动的 Mac Mini 上运行 Ubuntu。它适用于软件开发和客户端-服务器使用。另一台机器是运行 Mint 的 Acer 笔记本电脑，我尝试对其进行升级，但 Mint 不允许在没有全新安装的情况下从一个发行版升级到下一个发行版。我们还尝试了其他一些 *nix 版本：FreeBSD、OpenBSD、CentOS、Fedora……并得出结论，Ubuntu 似乎是实用企业环境的最佳选择，它对大量驱动程序有广泛的支持，在 rEFIt/rEFInd 或 Grub 多重启动上也能很好地运行。
我是否永远都不应该将 Ubuntu Desktop 从当前发行版升级到下一个发行版？除非它是 Ubuntu LTS？那么，是不是每个新的 Ubuntu 发行版都需要全新安装？
非常感谢所有评论和建议。
答案1
如图所示，最后 5 行/etc/apt/sources.list不应该存在：
# command line editor (nano)
sudo -e /etc/apt/sources.list
# graphical editor
gksu gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
这是你的问题中的错误，还是文件中的错误？
默认13.04（咆哮）/etc/apt/sources.list文件结尾为：
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party
## developers who want to ship their latest software.
deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu raring main
deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu raring main
然后你有 4 行要处理ArgoUML。