在此封闭的话题中关联这个问题不久前也得到解决。
关机时，系统似乎挂了。我alt-sysrq还没有尝试选项，但当我按下笔记本电脑上的电源按钮 5 秒钟时，我听到了磁头未正确停放时发出的令人讨厌的硬盘声音。
目前，我以 Windows 10 为主系统，Ubuntu 14.04 安装在其中一个分区上，可通过 bios 引导覆盖访问。所述分区被选为ext4日志分区。没有交换。这两个操作系统是独立安装的。
我已经禁用“快速启动”窗口选项。
不知道是不是windows不喜欢分区的存在，还是Ubuntu安装在分区ext4旁边不舒服。ntfs
问题是，我确信这不是硬件问题，但我对原因以及如何解决这个问题一无所知。可能是 Nvidia 驱动程序。目前，我对使用此 Ubuntu 安装不太满意，因为丢失硬盘的风险似乎非常真实。
如果有人需要，我可以提供任何额外的系统信息。
任何帮助都值得感激，谢谢你们。
根据要求，添加硬件信息：
Motherboard: Notebook N85_N87HCHN
Chipset: Intel HM175 (Skylake PCH-H)
CPU: Intel Core i7-7700HQ
GPU onboard: Intel HD Graphics 610 (Kaby Lake-H GT2) - Integrated Graphics Controller [CLEVO/KAPOK COMPUTER]
GPU dedicated: Nvidia GTX 950M
OS (UEFI boot): Microsoft Windows 10 Professional (x64) Build 16299.125
BIOS date: 12/12/2016
Disks info:
Crucial_CT275MX300SSD4
Drive Controller: Serial ATA 6Gb/s @ 6Gb/s
Drive Model: Crucial_CT275MX300SSD4
Drive Capacity: 262,321 MBytes (275 GB)
Media Rotation Rate: SSD Drive (Non-rotating)
[Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.)]
[01] Raw Read Error Rate: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[05] Reallocated Sector Count: 100/10, Worst: 100
[09] Power-On Hours/Cycle Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100 (56 hours / 2.3 days)
[0C] Power Cycle Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100 (Data = 260,0)
[AB] Program Fail Count (Total): 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[AC] Erase Fail Count (Total): 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[AD] Wear Leveling Count/Erase Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100 (Data = 9,0)
[AE] Unexpected Power Loss Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100 (Data = 16,0)
[B7] SATA Interface Downshift / Runtime Bad Block: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[B8] Reported I/O Error Detection Code Errors: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[BB] Uncorrectable Error Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[C2] Temperature 67/Always OK, Worst: 36 (33.0 °C)
[C4] Reallocation Event Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[C5] Current Pending Sector Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[C6] Off-Line Uncorrectable Sector Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[C7] SATA R-Errors (CRC) Error Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[CA] Percentage Of The Rated Lifetime Used: 100/1, Worst: 100
[CE] Flying Height: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[F6] Total Host Sector Writes: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100 (Data = 2262562291,0)
[F7] Host Program Page Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100 (Data = 71081160,0)
[F8] Background/FTL Program Page Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100 (Data = 40812784,0)
[B4] Unused Reserved Block Count (Total): 0/Always OK, Worst: 0 (Data = 1236,0)
[D2] SATA CRC Error Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
Drive Remaining Life 100%
Number of Hardware Resets: 458
Number of ASR Events: 18
Number of Interface CRC Errors: 0
Used Endurance Indicator: 0%
ST2000LM015-2E8174
Drive Controller: Serial ATA 6Gb/s @ 6Gb/s
Drive Model: Seagate ST2000LM015-2E8174
Drive Capacity: 1,907,729 MBytes (2000 GB)
Media Rotation Rate: 5400 RPM
[Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.)]
[01] Raw Read Error Rate: 82/6, Worst: 64 (Data = 148846921,0)
[03] Spin Up Time: 99/Always OK, Worst: 99
[04] Start/Stop Count: 100/20, Worst: 100 (Data = 285,0)
[05] Reallocated Sector Count: 100/36, Worst: 100
[07] Seek Error Rate: 64/45, Worst: 60 (Data = 2601596,0)
[09] Power-On Hours/Cycle Count: 99/Always OK, Worst: 99 (948 hours / 39.5 days)
[0A] Spin Retry Count: 100/97, Worst: 100
[0C] Power Cycle Count: 100/20, Worst: 100 (Data = 259,0)
[B8] End to End Error Detection Count: 100/99, Worst: 100
[BB] Reported Uncorrectable Errors: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[BC] Command Timeout Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[BD] High Fly Writes 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[BE] Airflow Temperature / Exceed Count: 77/40, Worst: 51 (23.0 °C)
[BF] G-Sense Error Rate: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100 (Data = 1,0)
[C0] Power-Off Retract Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100 (Data = 5,0)
[C1] Load/Unload Cycle Count: 98/Always OK, Worst: 98 (Data = 4915,0)
[C2] Temperature 23/Always OK, Worst: 49 (23.0 °C)
[C5] Current Pending Sector Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[C6] Off-Line Uncorrectable Sector Count: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
[C7] UltraDMA/SATA CRC Error Rate: 200/Always OK, Worst: 200
[F0] Head Flying Hours: 100/Always OK, Worst: 253 (Data = 399,25036)
[F1] Lifetime Writes from Host (LBAs Written): 100/Always OK, Worst: 253 (Data = 1750875602,0)
[F2] Lifetime Reads from Host (LBAs Read): 100/Always OK, Worst: 253 (Data = 351298878,0)
[FE] Free Fall Protection: 100/Always OK, Worst: 100
Number of Reallocated Logical Sectors: 0
Read Recovery Attempts: 0
Number of Mechanical Start Failures: 0
Number of Reallocation Candidate Logical Sectors: 0
Number of Reported Uncorrectable Errors: 0
Resets Between Command Acceptance and Completion: 0
deborphan:
libmpdec2
libwayland-egl1-mesa-lts-xenial
libmpdec2
Reverse Depends:
libmpdec2:i386
libmpdec2:i386
libpython3.4-stdlib
libpython3.4-dbg
libmpdec-dev
libwayland-egl1-mesa-lts-xenial
Reverse Depends:
libwayland-egl1-mesa-lts-xenial:i386
libwayland-egl1-mesa-lts-xenial:i386
libegl1-mesa-dev-lts-xenial
libegl1-mesa-dev
apt-cache policy: both packages installed
Nvidia 驱动程序：软件和更新，附加驱动程序：
原为：使用 x.org x 服务器 - nouveau 显示驱动程序
现在：使用 nvidia 二进制驱动程序 - 版本 384.111
在关机过程中，没有发现任何故障情况。尽管如此，系统并没有关机，而且 CPU 速度开始上升。
Alt-sysrqb 有效，系统立即重启。
安装 Nvidia 驱动程序并首次强制重启后，一切正常。尝试重启和关闭几次，速度非常快，没有任何问题。
我决定冒险一试，安装一款要求很高的软件，将事情推向极限。安装 Pingus 后，一切仍然正常。
如果 Michael 希望将他对 Nvidia 驱动程序的评论改为答案，我会选择它。
如果两天内没有回复，我会自己提交上述答案，以完成任务。
感谢 Karel 的回复，也非常感谢大家的意见。
答案1
硬盘的机械功能并不依赖于安装在其上的软件。智能工具软件包包含两个实用程序（smartctl 和 smartd），用于使用内置于大多数现代 ATA 和 SCSI 硬盘中的自我监控、分析和报告技术系统 (SMART) 来控制和监控存储系统。这是因为所有现代磁盘都使用 SMART 记录其健康状态。使用以下命令显示此状态：
sudo smartctl -a /dev/sdX
在哪里X被硬盘驱动器的字母所取代，可以通过在“磁盘”应用程序中选择硬盘驱动器，然后在其右侧找到它来找到它设备。 这SMART 整体健康自我评估测试结果报告磁盘是否通过或失败，以及其他结果sudo smartctl -a /dev/sd
答案2
由于问题已解决，我将其答案发布出来以供将来参考。
系统
Windows 10
Ubuntu 14.04
通过 BIOS 引导覆盖切换操作系统
症状：
笔记本电脑启动过程但无法关机/重启
。按下电源按钮 5 秒可关闭系统，但硬盘会发出很大的声音，就像磁头未正确停放一样
解决方案：
安装 Ubuntu Nvidia 驱动程序
感谢 Karel 的回复，也非常感谢大家的意见。