几天前，我将我的 ubuntu 16.04 机器更新到了 18.04。升级过程中遇到了一些问题，但我已经解决了。只剩下一个问题：没有 GUI。我花了几天时间排除故障并在谷歌上搜索这个问题，但我找到的所有修复方法都没有解决这个问题。我甚至不确定根本问题是什么。
无论如何。Lightdm 无法启动，我尝试更改为 gdm3，但它也崩溃了。我已重新安装了它们，并重新安装了我的英特尔图形驱动器（xserver-xorg-video-intel）
我在系统日志中看到的唯一问题是
gpu-manager[6149]: Error: can't open /lib/modules/4.15.0-36-generic/updates/dkms
和
systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Triggering OnFailure= dependencies.
systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
尝试重新启动 lightdm（sudo service lightdm start）也失败。
现在，如果我无法解决这个问题。我确实有系统备份，但是否可以完全重新安装 18.04 而不丢失任何与系统无关的内容？
我将提供下面任何命令的结果。
感谢您的帮助。
：编辑1：
我已经修好了。有点……
我查看了 /var/log/Xorg.0.log 文件并发现了以下内容：
[ 14.462] (WW) Falling back to old probe method for vesa
[ 14.462] (II) modeset(0): Creating default Display subsection in Screen section
"Default Screen Section" for depth/fbbpp 24/32
[ 14.462] (==) modeset(0): Depth 24, (==) framebuffer bpp 32
[ 14.462] (==) modeset(0): RGB weight 888
[ 14.462] (==) modeset(0): Default visual is TrueColor
[ 14.462] (II) Loading sub module "glamoregl"
[ 14.462] (II) LoadModule: "glamoregl"
[ 14.462] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libglamoregl.so
[ 14.464] (II) Module glamoregl: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[ 14.464] compiled for 1.19.6, module version = 1.0.0
[ 14.464] ABI class: X.Org ANSI C Emulation, version 0.4
[ 14.464] (II) glamor: OpenGL accelerated X.org driver based.
[ 14.476] (EE)
[ 14.476] (EE) Backtrace:
[ 14.476] (EE) 0: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (xorg_backtrace+0x4d) [0x55d55f6cb8ad]
[ 14.476] (EE) 1: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (0x55d55f513000+0x1bc649) [0x55d55f6cf649]
[ 14.476] (EE) 2: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x7f5e685e9000+0x12890) [0x7f5e685fb890]
[ 14.476] (EE) 3: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x7f5e681f8000+0xb1646) [0x7f5e682a9646]
[ 14.476] (EE) 4: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (__strdup+0xe) [0x7f5e682959ae]
[ 14.476] (EE) 5: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libEGL_mesa.so.0 (0x7f5e61352000+0x211db) [0x7f5e613731db]
[ 14.476] (EE) 6: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libEGL_mesa.so.0 (0x7f5e61352000+0x18d5d) [0x7f5e6136ad5d]
[ 14.476] (EE) 7: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libEGL_mesa.so.0 (0x7f5e61352000+0x156be) [0x7f5e613676be]
[ 14.476] (EE) 8: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libEGL_mesa.so.0 (0x7f5e61352000+0x15705) [0x7f5e61367705]
[ 14.476] (EE) 9: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libEGL_mesa.so.0 (eglInitialize+0x138) [0x7f5e61361d28]
[ 14.476] (EE) 10: /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libglamoregl.so (glamor_egl_init+0x10b) [0x7f5e63acfc9b]
[ 14.476] (EE) 11: /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/modesetting_drv.so (0x7f5e6430d000+0x9d89) [0x7f5e64316d89]
[ 14.476] (EE) 12: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (InitOutput+0xc08) [0x55d55f5ac268]
[ 14.476] (EE) 13: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (0x55d55f513000+0x56cd3) [0x55d55f569cd3]
[ 14.476] (EE) 14: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (__libc_start_main+0xe7) [0x7f5e68219b97]
[ 14.476] (EE) 15: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (_start+0x2a) [0x55d55f553b8a]
[ 14.476] (EE)
[ 14.476] (EE) Segmentation fault at address 0x0
[ 14.476] (EE)
Fatal server error:
[ 14.476] (EE) Caught signal 11 (Segmentation fault). Server aborting
[ 14.476] (EE)
我用谷歌搜索并找到了一个解决方法：XServer 中的分段错误
所以登录屏幕现在可以正确显示了，但我目前陷入了登录循环。但这是另一个问题。
ls -al /home/karl/.*author*
-rwx------ 1 karl karl 55770 okt 11 01:56 /home/karl/.ICEauthority
-rwx------ 1 karl karl 9570 dec 9 2017 /home/karl/.ICEauthority.backup.20171209
-rw------- 1 karl karl 54 okt 11 01:57 /home/karl/.Xauthority
-rw------- 1 karl karl 54 okt 11 00:16 /home/karl/.Xauthority.bak
-rw------- 1 karl karl 54 okt 11 01:06 /home/karl/.Xauthority.bakk
-rwx------ 1 karl karl 54 okt
8 02:36 /home/karl/.Xauthority.old
ls -al /var/lib/dkms
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 okt 11 02:06 .
drwxr-xr-x 86 root root 4096 okt 11 02:06 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6 aug 31 2016 dkms_dbversion
和
ls -al /usr/src
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 okt 5 14:40 .
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 feb 15 2017 ..
drwxr-xr-x 27 root root 4096 dec 4 2017 linux-headers-4.10.0-40
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 dec 4 2017 linux-headers-4.10.0-40-generic
drwxr-xr-x 27 root root 4096 okt 7 22:56 linux-headers-4.15.0-34
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 okt 7 22:56 linux-headers-4.15.0-34-generic
drwxr-xr-x 27 root root 4096 okt 7 22:57 linux-headers-4.15.0-36
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 okt 7 22:57 linux-headers-4.15.0-36-generic
drwxr-xr-x 27 root root 4096 feb 15 2017 linux-headers-4.8.0-36
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 feb 15 2017 linux-headers-4.8.0-36-generic
这是我尝试启动 gnome shell 时遇到的错误。
sudo gnome-shell gnome
gnome-shell: symbol lookup error: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmutter-2.so.0: undefined symbol: wl_global_get_interface
尝试重新安装 libmutter-2-0：
karl@Bulbasaur:~$ sudo apt install --reinstall libmutter-2-0
Läser paketlistor… Färdig
Bygger beroendeträd
Läser tillståndsinformation… Färdig
0 att uppgradera, 0 att nyinstallera, 1 att installera om, 0 att ta bort och 41 att inte uppgradera.
Behöver hämta 1 205 kB arkiv.
Efter denna åtgärd kommer ytterligare 0 B utrymme användas på disken.
Läs:1 http://se.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 libmutter-2-0 amd64 3.28.3-2~ubuntu18.04.1 [1 205 kB]
Hämtade 1 205 kB på 0s (2 827 kB/s)
(Läser databasen ... 220135 filer och kataloger installerade.)
Förbereder att packa upp .../libmutter-2-0_3.28.3-2~ubuntu18.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Packar upp libmutter-2-0:amd64 (3.28.3-2~ubuntu18.04.1) över (3.28.3-2~ubuntu18.04.1) ...
Ställer in libmutter-2-0:amd64 (3.28.3-2~ubuntu18.04.1) ...
Hanterar utlösare för libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1) ...
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libSegFault.so is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmemusage.so is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcprofile.so is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libplds4.so is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnetapi.so.0 is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmirclient.so.9 is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss3.so is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnssutil3.so is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libplc4.so is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libssl3.so is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/librtmp.so.1 is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libsmbconf.so.0 is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libminiupnpc.so.10 is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnspr4.so is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libsmime3.so is not a symbolic link
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmirprotobuf.so.3 is not a symbolic link
sudo ldconfig sudo] 为 karl 指定路径：/sbin/ldconfig.real: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libSegFault.so 位于符号链接中
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmemusage.so är inte en symbolisk länk
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcprofile.so är inte en symbolisk länk
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libplds4.so är inte en symbolisk länk
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnetapi.so.0 är inte en symbolisk länk
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmirclient.so.9 är inte en symbolisk länk
/sbin/ldconfig.real: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss3.so är in GNU nano 2.9.3 /var/tmp/locale.XXf0eGrt
“är inte en symbolisk länk” 表示“不是符号链接”