在使用时lsusb
,我发现USB设备的总线号和设备号可能会不时改变。据我了解,总线号在每次重新启动时都会发生变化。每次重新连接时设备编号都会发生变化。
我的问题是系统使用什么算法来获取总线号和设备号?尤其是设备号,是不是单调?是否会出现这样的情况:在不重新启动操作系统的情况下,一个重新连接的设备正在使用另一台重新连接的设备的旧总线号和设备号?
答案1
注意:这是一个Linux回答;其他内核会采用稍微不同的方式来处理这个问题。
语境:
谈USB总线就很难不谈PCI总线。 CPU 无法直接与 USB 总线通信,但 CPU 会与连接有 USB 控制器的 PCI 总线通信(USB 控制器/集线器就是所谓的lsusb
USB 总线)。 PCI 总线根据距 CPU 的距离进行编号,例如:
+-----+
| CPU |
+-----+
| PCI Bus 0
---+--+-----------------------------+
| |
+---+----+ +----+---+
| Bridge | | Bridge |
+---+----+ +----+---+
| PCI bus 1 | PCI bus 2
--+--------+ +-------+-------------+
| | |
Disk Controller USB Controller Network Card
(Device 00) (Device 00) (Device 01)
查看man lspci
我们会看到以下内容:
Slot The name of the slot where the device resides
([domain:]bus:device.function). This tag is
always the first in a record.
因此我们现在知道如何解释 PCI 编号。接下来,我们将了解连接到 PCI 总线的 USB 控制器。我当前使用的机器有一个有趣的 USB 配置,因此我将使用它作为示例:
$ lspci -tv
-[0000:00]-+-00.0 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] RS780 Host Bridge
+-01.0-[01]----05.0 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] RS780M [Mobility Radeon HD 3200]
+-04.0-[02]----00.0 Qualcomm Atheros AR928X Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express)
+-05.0-[03]----00.0 Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller
+-06.0-[04-06]--
+-11.0 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 SATA Controller [IDE mode]
+-12.0 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB OHCI0 Controller
+-12.1 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0 USB OHCI1 Controller
+-12.2 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB EHCI Controller
+-13.0 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB OHCI0 Controller
+-13.1 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0 USB OHCI1 Controller
+-13.2 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB EHCI Controller
+-14.0 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SBx00 SMBus Controller
+-14.1 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 IDE Controller
+-14.2 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SBx00 Azalia (Intel HDA)
+-14.3 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 LPC host controller
+-14.4-[07]--
+-14.5 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB OHCI2 Controller
+-18.0 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 11h Processor HyperTransport Configuration
+-18.1 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 11h Processor Address Map
+-18.2 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 11h Processor DRAM Controller
+-18.3 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 11h Processor Miscellaneous Control
\-18.4 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 11h Processor Link Control
等等等等,这些优点是什么?在顶部,我们有域和 PCI 总线-[0000:00]
(这台机器只有一条 PCI 总线)。然后我们有几个设备连接到该总线。让我们看看哪些是 USB 设备:
$ lspci -tv | grep -i usb
+-12.0 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB OHCI0 Controller
+-12.1 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0 USB OHCI1 Controller
+-12.2 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB EHCI Controller
+-13.0 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB OHCI0 Controller
+-13.1 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0 USB OHCI1 Controller
+-13.2 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB EHCI Controller
+-14.5 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB OHCI2 Controller
好,现在让我们比较一下lsusb
(我使用它sort
只是为了以后更容易搜索列表):
$ lsusb | sort
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 174f:5a31 Syntek Sonix USB 2.0 Camera
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 003 Device 002: ID 046d:c019 Logitech, Inc. Optical Tilt Wheel Mouse
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 005 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 006 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 007 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 007 Device 002: ID 0b05:1751 ASUSTek Computer, Inc. BT-253 Bluetooth Adapter
再等一下。我们有 7 个 USB 设备,lspci
但有 10 个设备lsusb
! lspci
仅列出 USB 控制器;一个控制器可以连接多个 USB 设备。让我们探索/sys/bus/
一下这是如何发生的。
$ ls -l /sys/bus/usb/devices/
... 1-0:1.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:12.2/usb1/1-0:1.0
... 2-0:1.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:13.2/usb2/2-0:1.0
... 2-1 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:13.2/usb2/2-1
... 2-1:1.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:13.2/usb2/2-1/2-1:1.0
... 2-1:1.1 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:13.2/usb2/2-1/2-1:1.1
... 3-0:1.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:12.0/usb3/3-0:1.0
... 3-1 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:12.0/usb3/3-1
... 3-1:1.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:12.0/usb3/3-1/3-1:1.0
... 4-0:1.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:12.1/usb4/4-0:1.0
... 5-0:1.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:13.0/usb5/5-0:1.0
... 6-0:1.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:13.1/usb6/6-0:1.0
... 7-0:1.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.5/usb7/7-0:1.0
... 7-1 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.5/usb7/7-1
... 7-1:1.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.5/usb7/7-1/7-1:1.0
... 7-1:1.1 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.5/usb7/7-1/7-1:1.1
... 7-1:1.2 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.5/usb7/7-1/7-1:1.2
... 7-1:1.3 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.5/usb7/7-1/7-1:1.3
... usb1 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:12.2/usb1
... usb2 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:13.2/usb2
... usb3 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:12.0/usb3
... usb4 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:12.1/usb4
... usb5 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:13.0/usb5
... usb6 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:13.1/usb6
... usb7 -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.5/usb7
现在,这开始有意义了:我们有 7 个 USB 控制器,它们作为设备插入 PCI 总线。例如,USB总线001对应于PCI设备0000:00:12.2
,USB总线007对应于该0000:00:14.5
设备。
设备编号:
以 USB 总线编号(例如 )开头的目录7-1:1.2
是连接到 USB 控制器的实际设备。就像 PCI 总线可以连接多个设备一样,USB 控制器(集线器)也可以连接多个 USB 设备。
设备编号只是计数器:第一个连接的设备获得 1,下一个设备获得 2,依此类推。但还有一点:USB 被设计为可热插拔;因此您可以连接和断开设备。当您断开 USB 设备的连接时,内核将不会再次将该设备号用于该 USB 控制器上的任何其他设备。例如,如果您连接和断开笔式驱动器并继续这样做,lsusb
您将看到笔式驱动器的设备编号上升。
巴士编号:
如果您仔细阅读了上面的内容,您可能会对我没有触及的一件事情感到好奇。 PCI 编号的顺序与 USB 控制器的编号顺序不对应!让我们再看一遍:
USB | PCI
-----+----
usb1 | 0000:00/0000:00:12.2
usb2 | 0000:00/0000:00:13.2
usb3 | 0000:00/0000:00:12.0
usb4 | 0000:00/0000:00:12.1
usb5 | 0000:00/0000:00:13.0
usb6 | 0000:00/0000:00:13.1
usb7 | 0000:00/0000:00:14.5
该列表是按顺序排列的,但不完全是按顺序排列的。前两个 USB 控制器似乎出现故障。然而,这是有原因的:如果您仔细观察上面的输出lspci
,您会发现它们是EHCI
USB (USB 2.0),而所有其他 USB 控制器都是OHCI
USB (USB 1.x)。
因此我们可以将该表重新绘制为:
USB | PCI
-----+----
usb1 | 0000:00/0000:00:12.2
usb2 | 0000:00/0000:00:13.2 USB 2.0
-----+---------------------------------
usb3 | 0000:00/0000:00:12.0 USB 1.x
usb4 | 0000:00/0000:00:12.1
usb5 | 0000:00/0000:00:13.0
usb6 | 0000:00/0000:00:13.1
usb7 | 0000:00/0000:00:14.5
并且号码分配也变得清晰起来!