声音不起作用，没有检测到输入/输出声音设备，我无法打开alsamixer：
$ alsamixer
cannot open mixer: No such file or directory
$ alsamixer -c 1
invalid card index: 1
try `alsamixer --help' for more information
$ aplay -l
aplay: device_list:270: no soundcards found...
$ cat /proc/asound/cards
1 [Intel ]: HDA-Intel - HDA Intel
HDA Intel at 0xfde78000 irq 27
# On raspberry pi
$ cat /proc/asound/cards
0 [ALSA ]: bcm2835_alsa - bcm2835 ALSA
bcm2835 ALSA
内核信息：
$ uname -r
5.0.0-25-generic
$ lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82G33/G31/P35/P31 Express DRAM Controller (rev 10)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 82G33/G31 Express Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 10)
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation NM10/ICH7 Family High Definition Audio Controller (rev 01)
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation NM10/ICH7 Family PCI Express Port 1 (rev 01)
00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation NM10/ICH7 Family PCI Express Port 2 (rev 01)
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation NM10/ICH7 Family USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 01)
00:1d.1 USB controller: Intel Corporation NM10/ICH7 Family USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 01)
00:1d.2 USB controller: Intel Corporation NM10/ICH7 Family USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 01)
00:1d.3 USB controller: Intel Corporation NM10/ICH7 Family USB UHCI Controller #4 (rev 01)
00:1d.7 USB controller: Intel Corporation NM10/ICH7 Family USB2 EHCI Controller (rev 01)
00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev e1)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801GB/GR (ICH7 Family) LPC Interface Bridge (rev 01)
00:1f.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) IDE Controller (rev 01)
00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation NM10/ICH7 Family SATA Controller [IDE mode] (rev 01)
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation NM10/ICH7 Family SMBus Controller (rev 01)
01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL810xE PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller (rev 02)
输出ls -l /dev/snd/
# On my PC
$ ls -l /dev/snd/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 iun 23 13:37 by-path
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 6 iun 23 13:37 controlC1
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 5 iun 23 13:37 hwC1D0
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 3 iun 23 13:37 pcmC1D0c
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 2 iun 23 13:37 pcmC1D0p
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 4 iun 23 13:37 pcmC1D2c
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 1 iun 23 13:37 seq
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 33 iun 23 13:37 timer
# On Raspberry Pi 3
$ ls -l /dev/snd/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 apr 1 20:23 by-path
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 5 iun 23 11:39 controlC0
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 2 iun 23 11:39 pcmC0D0p
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 3 iun 23 11:39 pcmC0D1p
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 4 iun 23 11:39 pcmC0D2p
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 1 iun 23 11:39 seq
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 33 iun 23 11:39 timer
# Raspberry Pi 2
$ ls -l /dev/snd/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 apr 1 20:23 by-path
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 5 apr 1 20:23 controlC0
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 2 apr 1 20:23 pcmC0D0p
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 3 apr 1 20:23 pcmC0D1p
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 4 apr 1 20:23 pcmC0D2p
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 1 apr 1 20:23 seq
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 33 apr 1 20:23 timer
如何解决这个问题，以便我可以访问声音输出并最终使其正常工作？