我想全新安装 emacs，因此我尝试使用以下命令卸载与 emacs 相关的所有内容：
sudo apt purge emacs*
输出如下：
$ sudo apt purge emacs*
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Note, selecting 'emacsen' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-snapshot-nonx' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-calfw-howm' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs24-lucid' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacspeak-espeak-server' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs25-dbg' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacspeak' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-snapshot' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs25-lucid' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-goodies-el' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs22-common' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs25-nox' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs25-nox-dbg' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-jabber' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs23-nox' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs25-bin-common' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs25-common' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-intl-fonts' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-mozc' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacspeak-bs-tcl' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacsen-common' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-nox' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs25-common-non-dfsg' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs25-el' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-window-layout' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-mozc-bin' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-chess' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs23-lucid' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-snapshot-gtk' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs25-lucid-dbg' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs24-nox' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs24-bin-common' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-goodies-extra-el' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacspeak-dt-tcl' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs20' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs21' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs22' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs23' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs24' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs25' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs26' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacs-calfw' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacspeak-dt' for glob 'emacs*'
Note, selecting 'emacspeak-ss' for glob 'emacs*'
Package 'emacs24' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-snapshot' is not installed, so not removed
Note, selecting 'emacs-goodies-el' instead of 'emacs-goodies-extra-el'
Package 'emacs26' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs23' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs20' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs21' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs22' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacspeak-bs-tcl' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacspeak-dt' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacspeak-dt-tcl' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-chess' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs24-bin-common' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs24-lucid' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs24-nox' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs22-common' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs23-nox' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs23-lucid' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-snapshot-gtk' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-snapshot-nonx' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-goodies-el' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs25' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs25-dbg' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs25-lucid-dbg' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs25-nox' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs25-nox-dbg' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-calfw' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-calfw-howm' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-intl-fonts' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-jabber' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-nox' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-window-layout' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacspeak' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacspeak-espeak-server' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacspeak-ss' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs25-common-non-dfsg' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-mozc' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'emacs-mozc-bin' is not installed, so not removed
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
activity-log-manager libgeonames-common libgeonames0 liblockfile-bin liblockfile1 libm17n-0 libnm-gtk0 libotf0
libtimezonemap-data libtimezonemap1 libunity-control-center1 m17n-db xaw3dg
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following packages will be REMOVED:
apturl* aspell* aspell-en* chrome-gnome-shell* deja-dup* dictionaries-common* emacs25-bin-common* emacs25-common*
emacs25-el* emacs25-lucid* emacsen-common* enchant* gdm3* gedit* gir1.2-webkit2-4.0* gnome-calendar* gnome-control-center*
gnome-getting-started-docs* gnome-initial-setup* gnome-online-accounts* gnome-shell* gnome-software*
gnome-software-plugin-snap* gnome-user-docs* gnome-user-guide* gufw* hunspell-en-us* hyphen-en-us* indicator-bluetooth*
libedataserverui-1.2-2* libenchant1c2a* libgoa-backend-1.0-1* libgspell-1-1* libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37* libyelp0* mutter*
mythes-en-us* nautilus-share* rhythmbox-plugins* shotwell* ubuntu-desktop* ubuntu-docs* ubuntu-release-upgrader-gtk*
ubuntu-session* ubuntu-software* unity-control-center* update-manager* update-notifier* wbritish* yelp* zenity*
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 51 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
After this operation, 241 MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
(Reading database ... 336156 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing nautilus-share (0.7.3-2ubuntu3) ...
Removing apturl (0.5.2ubuntu14.2) ...
Removing ubuntu-desktop (1.417.3) ...
Removing gufw (18.04.0-0ubuntu1) ...
Removing shotwell (0.28.4-0ubuntu1) ...
Removing gnome-software-plugin-snap (3.28.1-0ubuntu4.18.04.12) ...
Removing aspell-en (2017.08.24-0-0.1) ...
update-default-aspell: Removing remove file "/var/lib/aspell/en.remove".
Removing aspell (0.60.7~20110707-4) ...
Removing chrome-gnome-shell (10-1) ...
Removing deja-dup (37.1-2fakesync1ubuntu0.1) ...
Removing wbritish (2017.08.24-1) ...
Removing mythes-en-us (1:6.0.3-3) ...
Removing emacs25-lucid (25.2+1-6) ...
Remove dictionaries-common for emacs25
remove/dictionaries-common: Purging byte-compiled files for flavour emacs25
Remove emacsen-common for emacs25
emacsen-common: Handling removal of emacsen flavor emacs25
Removing emacs25-bin-common (25.2+1-6) ...
Removing emacs25-el (25.2+1-6) ...
Removing emacs25-common (25.2+1-6) ...
Removing enchant (1.6.0-11.1) ...
Removing gdm3 (3.28.3-0ubuntu18.04.4) ...
Removing gedit (3.28.1-1ubuntu1.2) ...
Removing gnome-calendar (3.28.2-0ubuntu0.18.04.1) ...
Removing unity-control-center (15.04.0+18.04.20180216-0ubuntu1) ...
Removing gnome-getting-started-docs (3.28.2-0ubuntu0.1) ...
Removing gnome-initial-setup (3.28.0-2ubuntu6.16.04.6) ...
Removing gnome-online-accounts (3.28.0-0ubuntu2.1) ...
Removing ubuntu-session (3.28.1-0ubuntu3) ...
Removing gnome-shell (3.28.4-0ubuntu18.04.1) ...
Removing gnome-user-guide (3.28.2+git20180715-0ubuntu0.1) ...
Removing gnome-user-docs (3.28.2+git20180715-0ubuntu0.1) ...
Removing hyphen-en-us (2.8.8-5) ...
Removing libedataserverui-1.2-2:amd64 (3.28.5-0ubuntu0.18.04.2) ...
Removing ubuntu-docs (18.04.4) ...
Removing yelp (3.26.0-1ubuntu2) ...
Removing libyelp0:amd64 (3.26.0-1ubuntu2) ...
Removing mutter (3.28.4-0ubuntu18.04.1) ...
Removing rhythmbox-plugins (3.4.2-4ubuntu1) ...
Removing ubuntu-software (3.28.1-0ubuntu4.18.04.12) ...
Removing zenity (3.28.1-1) ...
Removing gnome-software (3.28.1-0ubuntu4.18.04.12) ...
Removing libgspell-1-1:amd64 (1.6.1-1) ...
Removing indicator-bluetooth (0.0.6+17.10.20170605-0ubuntu3) ...
Removing gnome-control-center (1:3.28.2-0ubuntu0.18.04.5) ...
Removing libgoa-backend-1.0-1:amd64 (3.28.0-0ubuntu2.1) ...
Removing update-notifier (3.192.1.7) ...
Removing update-manager (1:18.04.11.10) ...
Removing ubuntu-release-upgrader-gtk (1:18.04.34) ...
Removing gir1.2-webkit2-4.0:amd64 (2.24.4-0ubuntu0.18.04.1) ...
Removing libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37:amd64 (2.24.4-0ubuntu0.18.04.1) ...
Removing libenchant1c2a:amd64 (1.6.0-11.1) ...
Removing hunspell-en-us (1:2017.08.24) ...
Removing dictionaries-common (1.27.2) ...
Removing 'diversion of /usr/share/dict/words to /usr/share/dict/words.pre-dictionaries-common by dictionaries-common'
Removing emacsen-common (2.0.8) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.23-1ubuntu3.18.04.2) ...
Processing triggers for install-info (6.5.0.dfsg.1-2) ...
Processing triggers for cracklib-runtime (2.9.2-5build1) ...
Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0:amd64 (2.56.4-0ubuntu0.18.04.4) ...
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.3+18.04.20180207.2-0ubuntu1) ...
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-11ubuntu1.1) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ...
(Reading database ... 328258 files and directories currently installed.)
Purging configuration files for deja-dup (37.1-2fakesync1ubuntu0.1) ...
Purging configuration files for wbritish (2017.08.24-1) ...
Purging configuration files for unity-control-center (15.04.0+18.04.20180216-0ubuntu1) ...
Purging configuration files for gufw (18.04.0-0ubuntu1) ...
dpkg: warning: while removing gufw, directory '/etc/gufw' not empty so not removed
Purging configuration files for dictionaries-common (1.27.2) ...
Purging configuration files for emacsen-common (2.0.8) ...
Purging configuration files for gdm3 (3.28.3-0ubuntu18.04.4) ...
Removing user `gdm' ...
Warning: group `gdm' has no more members.
userdel: user gdm is currently used by process 1272
/usr/sbin/deluser: `/usr/sbin/userdel gdm' returned error code 8. Exiting.
Could not remove gdm user.
/usr/sbin/delgroup: `gdm' still has `gdm' as their primary group!
Could not remove gdm group.
Purging configuration files for update-notifier (3.192.1.7) ...
Purging configuration files for gnome-software (3.28.1-0ubuntu4.18.04.12) ...
Purging configuration files for aspell-en (2017.08.24-0-0.1) ...
Purging configuration files for gnome-initial-setup (3.28.0-2ubuntu6.16.04.6) ...
Removing user `gnome-initial-setup' ...
Warning: group `nogroup' has no more members.
Done.
Purging configuration files for chrome-gnome-shell (10-1) ...
Purging configuration files for indicator-bluetooth (0.0.6+17.10.20170605-0ubuntu3) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (237-3ubuntu10.29) ...
Processing triggers for dbus (1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-21) ...
ureadahead will be reprofiled on next reboot
我在确认时没有阅读整个软件包列表，通常它不会这样。但查看卸载日志，我发现除了 emacs 之外还有很多东西被删除了。我尝试打开软件中心进行检查，但没有成功。
我尝试再次安装 emacs，使用
sudo apt install emacs
emacs25 已按预期安装。
除了手动安装之外，还有其他方法可以恢复所有已删除的应用程序吗？
答案1
您发出（并确认）的命令导致卸载所有软件包依赖在任何与emacs*glob 表达式匹配的包上。
您应该能够按照以下方式半自动地重新安装所有这些：
从问题中包含的日志中，复制并保存要删除的软件包列表作为文件，我们称之为pkg-list.txt
$ cat pkg-list.txt
apturl* aspell* aspell-en* chrome-gnome-shell* deja-dup* dictionaries-common* emacs25-bin-common* emacs25-common*
emacs25-el* emacs25-lucid* emacsen-common* enchant* gdm3* gedit* gir1.2-webkit2-4.0* gnome-calendar* gnome-control-center*
gnome-getting-started-docs* gnome-initial-setup* gnome-online-accounts* gnome-shell* gnome-software*
gnome-software-plugin-snap* gnome-user-docs* gnome-user-guide* gufw* hunspell-en-us* hyphen-en-us* indicator-bluetooth*
libedataserverui-1.2-2* libenchant1c2a* libgoa-backend-1.0-1* libgspell-1-1* libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37* libyelp0* mutter*
mythes-en-us* nautilus-share* rhythmbox-plugins* shotwell* ubuntu-desktop* ubuntu-docs* ubuntu-release-upgrader-gtk*
ubuntu-session* ubuntu-software* unity-control-center* update-manager* update-notifier* wbritish* yelp* zenity*
然后使用以下命令删除每个包名称后的星号并将列表传递给sudo apt install：
< pkg-list.txt sed 's/\*//g' | xargs sudo apt install
笔记：此后，所有软件包都将被标记为手动安装，尽管其中许多软件包最初是自动安装的。它们的原始配置已被apt purge命令删除。
教训：当系统要求确认（或产生错误消息）时，请务必仔细阅读发生的情况。
答案2
我必须手动安装所有软件包
答案3
奇怪的是，我发出以下命令后，几乎所有包裹都拿回来了：
sudo apt install gedit