我在 kern.log 中收到所有这些错误，但我不知道如何调查它们。
我什至不确定哪一个与这个问题的标题最相关。
AFAIU，这可能与硬件有关。但我什至不知道是哪一部分。硬盘？母板？
Aug 27 18:11:13 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1601.220021] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:11:15 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1603.448042] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:11:15 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1603.448052] ata2: reset failed, giving up
Aug 27 18:11:15 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1603.448071] ata2: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4060000 action 0xe frozen t4
Aug 27 18:11:15 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1603.448072] ata2: irq_stat 0x00000040, connection status changed
Aug 27 18:11:15 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1603.448074] ata2: SError: { PHYInt CommWake DevExch }
Aug 27 18:11:15 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1603.448080] ata2: limiting SATA link speed to 1.5 Gbps
Aug 27 18:11:15 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1603.448082] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:11:17 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1605.708014] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:11:17 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1605.708021] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 8 secs
Aug 27 18:11:25 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1613.448023] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:11:27 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1615.708012] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:11:27 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1615.708019] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 8 secs
Aug 27 18:11:35 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1623.448033] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:11:37 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1625.676012] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:11:37 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1625.676018] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 33 secs
Aug 27 18:12:10 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1658.448030] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:12:12 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1660.740012] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:12:12 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1660.740021] ata2: reset failed, giving up
Aug 27 18:12:12 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1660.740038] ata2: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4060000 action 0xe frozen t3
Aug 27 18:12:12 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1660.740040] ata2: irq_stat 0x00000040, connection status changed
Aug 27 18:12:12 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1660.740042] ata2: SError: { PHYInt CommWake DevExch }
Aug 27 18:12:12 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1660.740046] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:12:15 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1663.004017] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:12:15 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1663.004024] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 8 secs
Aug 27 18:12:22 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1670.740017] ata2: limiting SATA link speed to 1.5 Gbps
Aug 27 18:12:22 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1670.740022] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:12:25 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1672.968026] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:12:25 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1672.968034] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 8 secs
Aug 27 18:12:32 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1680.740019] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:12:35 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1682.972013] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:12:35 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1682.972020] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 33 secs
Aug 27 18:13:07 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1715.740025] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:13:10 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1718.064012] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:13:10 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1718.064021] ata2: reset failed, giving up
Aug 27 18:13:10 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1718.064040] ata2: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4060000 action 0xe frozen t2
Aug 27 18:13:10 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1718.064042] ata2: irq_stat 0x00000040, connection status changed
Aug 27 18:13:10 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1718.064044] ata2: SError: { PHYInt CommWake DevExch }
Aug 27 18:13:10 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1718.064049] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:13:12 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1720.452011] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:13:12 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1720.452019] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 8 secs
Aug 27 18:13:20 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1728.064018] ata2: limiting SATA link speed to 1.5 Gbps
Aug 27 18:13:20 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1728.064022] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:13:22 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1730.548016] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:13:22 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1730.548023] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 8 secs
Aug 27 18:13:30 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1738.064025] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:13:32 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1740.292017] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:13:32 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1740.292024] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 33 secs
Aug 27 18:14:05 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1773.064017] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:14:07 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1775.356013] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:14:07 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1775.356021] ata2: reset failed, giving up
Aug 27 18:14:07 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1775.356037] ata2: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4060000 action 0xe frozen t1
Aug 27 18:14:07 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1775.356038] ata2: irq_stat 0x00000040, connection status changed
Aug 27 18:14:07 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1775.356040] ata2: SError: { PHYInt CommWake DevExch }
Aug 27 18:14:07 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1775.356045] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:14:09 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1777.616011] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:14:09 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1777.616019] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 8 secs
Aug 27 18:14:17 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1785.356016] ata2: limiting SATA link speed to 1.5 Gbps
Aug 27 18:14:17 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1785.356021] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:14:19 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1787.584014] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:14:19 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1787.584020] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 8 secs
Aug 27 18:14:27 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1795.356022] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:14:30 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1797.840013] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:14:30 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1797.840019] ata2: reset failed (errno=-32), retrying in 33 secs
Aug 27 18:15:02 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1830.356017] ata2: hard resetting link
Aug 27 18:15:04 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1832.648012] ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32)
Aug 27 18:15:04 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1832.648020] ata2: reset failed, giving up
Aug 27 18:15:04 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1832.648034] ata2: EH pending after 5 tries, giving up
Aug 27 18:15:04 bouzin-lilou kernel: [ 1832.648036] ata2: EH complete
我移除了所有 USB 设备，断开了 DVD 驱动器的连接，并更换了硬盘驱动器的SATA电缆。我现在只有一个硬盘，带有一根新的（并且已知可以工作）SATA 电缆。
我还用 smartmontools 检查了硬盘：
smartctl 6.4 2014-10-07 r4002 [x86_64-linux-3.16.0-4-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-14, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: Hitachi HDT721032SLA380
Serial Number: STA205MC1JLU3X
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000cca 346d5a40d
Firmware Version: ST2OA31B
User Capacity: 320 072 933 376 bytes [320 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is: SATA 2.6, 3.0 Gb/s
Local Time is: Sat Aug 27 18:31:06 2016 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 4710) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 79) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x003d) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 016 Pre-fail Always - 0
2 Throughput_Performance 0x0005 100 100 054 Pre-fail Offline - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0007 112 112 024 Pre-fail Always - 220 (Average 223)
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3605
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 005 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 067 Pre-fail Always - 0
8 Seek_Time_Performance 0x0005 100 100 020 Pre-fail Offline - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0012 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 8720
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 060 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3602
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 097 097 000 Old_age Always - 3723
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0012 097 097 000 Old_age Always - 3723
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0002 146 146 000 Old_age Always - 41 (Min/Max 10/47)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0008 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x000a 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 8711 -
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 8710 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
AFAIU，没有发现问题。
除了那些填充我的日志文件的消息之外，我没有看到任何异常行为。
FWIW，这台机器作为 nvidia 显卡并使用 nouveau （无专有驱动程序）。