编辑4：我已经重新安装了 Ubuntu 并清除了磁盘，现在它又可以正常工作了，我学到了系统备份方面的教训。无论如何，还是感谢您的支持。
我整天都在尝试让我为机器人应用程序定制的 Ubuntu 18 计算机重新启动。
事情是这样的：
它已经断网一个月左右了，我运行了sudo apt update && apt upgrade第二个命令，结果出现了一堆错误，遗憾的是我没有记录下来。重新运行它也失败了，启动 Firefox 谷歌搜索问题显示它已经在运行，无法再次打开（虽然它没有运行）。因此，我重新启动并看到了这个：/dev/sda4: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY.我按照这个回答。之后，我能够再次启动。然后，我重新运行sudo apt update && apt upgrade，当系统建议运行时sudo apt autoremove，我照做了。然后系统说，它需要重新启动，这导致我出现标题中提到的错误：
Gave up waiting for root file system device. Common problems:
-Boot args (cat /proc/cmdline)
- Check rootdelay=(did the system wait long enough?)
-Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev)
ALERT! UUID=b80b71b0-f0c6-4532-963f-4b92db7137e1 does not exist. Dropping to a shell
BusyBox v1.27 2 (Ubuntu 1:1.27.2-2ubuntu3.3) built in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
(initramfs)
首先，我的键盘在这个 shell (initramfs) 中无法使用，所以我只能使用开/关按钮关闭计算机（现在我已经测试了另一个键盘，但它也无法使用）。经过几次绝望的硬重启后，我仍然每次都看到上面的画面。
我尝试过的：由于我对 EFI、引导加载程序、grub 等一无所知，在阅读了大量论坛帖子后，我终于拿到了我的 Ubuntu 安装 USB 棒并启动了它。在这里，我尝试了这个解决方案并看了看这里。此外，我安装并使用了启动修复可惜，一切都无济于事。
编辑： 我忘了说我已经编辑了 grub.cfg（在 GRUB 菜单中，我按“e”并用 /dev/sda4 替换了 UUID ...37e1 的所有实例）但问题仍然存在。编辑3：我还从包含“linux”的行中删除了“ro”，但问题仍未解决。
编辑2：我尝试从 GRUB 菜单再次编辑 grub.cfg，并按照 ubfan1 在评论中的建议将 UUID 更改为 d7851347-5b99-4bb5-adf9-47c49f33611a。好吧，也没有用。但我在这篇文章的底部添加了一些 GRUB 配置和命令行提示符的照片。
以下是结果：
- 使用实时存储，我能够看到我的 SSD，安装并访问它。所有步骤均来自此处解决方案执行没有错误。但是重新启动并卸载该棒时，出现了与之前相同的错误。
- 我查看了我的 BIOS 设置，但我的 SATA 设置配置为 AHCI，并且启动选项允许 EFI 和传统选项。
- Boot-repair 也无法解决问题。执行并重新启动后，问题仍然存在。但以下是 boot-repair 生成的信息。
计算机：该系统是一台坚固耐用、专为移动机器人打造的计算机，主板运行 American Megatrends BIOS（版本 2.20.1271）和单个 1TB 三星 SSD 860。它配备英特尔 CoffeeLake i7-8700T 处理器和 64GB RAM 以及 NVIDIA 显卡（如果有任何相关性的话）。
问题：有人可以告诉我如何修复这个错误或者给我指明正确的方向，这样我就不必重新安装 Ubuntu 并再次配置系统了吗？
编辑3：以下是从实时系统盘运行“sudo blkid”的结果：
/dev/sda1: UUID="1429-CC00" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI System Partition" PARTUUID="e4bb4583-22c0-4bc6-a1fa-d1bb1b3f27a0"
/dev/sda4: UUID="b80b71b0-f0c6-4532-963f-4b92db7137e1" TYPE="ext4" PTUUID="d8a8d274" PTTYPE="dos" PARTUUID="d7851347-5b99-4bb5-adf9-47c49f33611a"
/dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/loop1: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/sda2: PTUUID="2f6ca792" PTTYPE="dos" PARTUUID="e6e6ec4d-80d0-46b5-bc3d-28f9ccf59e16"
/dev/sda3: UUID="ff161f87-866c-44d3-8fc3-5a44f5263535" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="18d1b724-907d-49bc-bdaa-5d9708e843d7"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="2020-02-03-18-40-13-00" LABEL="Ubuntu 18.04.4 LTS amd64" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="6e037a9d" PTTYPE="dos" PARTUUID="6e037a9d-01"
/dev/sdb2: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="D055-8513" TYPE="vfat" PARTUUID="6e037a9d-02"
以下是启动修复的报告：（关于如何正确格式化的任何建议也非常感谢）：
结果显示我的三星固态硬盘（sda）和实时存储（sdb）
boot-repair-4ppa130 [20210818_1128] ============================== Boot Info Summary =============================== => Grub2 (v1.99-2.00) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda and looks at sector 1050624 of the same hard drive for core.img, but core.img can not be found at this location. sda1: __________________________________________________________________________ File system: vfat Boot sector type: FAT32 Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block. Operating System: Boot files: sda2: __________________________________________________________________________ File system: BIOS Boot partition Boot sector type: - Boot sector info: sda3: __________________________________________________________________________ File system: swap Boot sector type: - Boot sector info: sda4: __________________________________________________________________________ File system: ext4 Boot sector type: - Boot sector info: Operating System: Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /etc/fstab /etc/default/grub sdb: ___________________________________________________________________________ File system: iso9660 Boot sector type: Unknown Boot sector info: Operating System: Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg ================================ 1 OS detected ================================= OS#1: Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS on sda4 ============================ Architecture/Host Info ============================ CPU architecture: 64-bit Live-session OS is Ubuntu 64-bit (Ubuntu 18.04.4 LTS, bionic, x86_64) ===================================== UEFI ===================================== BIOS is EFI-compatible, and is setup in EFI-mode for this live-session. SecureBoot disabled. efibootmgr -v BootCurrent: 0006 Timeout: 1 seconds BootOrder: 0000,0006,0005,0004,0007 Boot0000* ubuntu HD(1,GPT,e4bb4583-22c0-4bc6-a1fa-d1bb1b3f27a0,0x800,0x100000)/File(\EFI\ubuntu\shimx64.efi) Boot0004* Hard Drive BBS(HD,,0x0)..GO..NO........o.S.a.m.s.u.n.g. .S.S.D. .8.6.0. .P.R.O..1.TB....A...........................>..Gd-.;.A..MQ..L.4.SN2.FNM0.0.5.2.5.5.5. .Y. . . . ........BO..NO........sTOSHIBA...............A..................F..Gd-.;.A..MQ..L.0.0.2.2.CFF6.B.8.A.6.C.3.5.1.E.2.5.CD3.D.4........BO Boot0005* UEFI：内置 EFI Shell VenMedia(5023b95c-db26-429b-a648-bd47664c8012)..BO Boot0006* UEFI：TOSHIBA PciRoot(0x0)/Pci(0x14,0x0)/USB(4,0)/CDROM(1,0x2eec,0x4d00)..BO Boot0007* UEFI：TOSHIBA，分区 2 PciRoot(0x0)/Pci(0x14,0x0)/USB(4,0)/HD(2,MBR,0x6e037a9d,0x2eec,0x1340)..BO 此会话已被检测为“实时”，因为 /proc/cmdline 包含 (boot=casper) 此会话已被检测为“实时”，因为 df -Th / 包含覆盖
78415fb8fb9b909f8029858113f1335f sda1/BOOT/bkpbootx64.efi 78415fb8fb9b909f8029858113f1335f sda1/BOOT/bootx64.efi 2895d47544fd587b26c7e29be1295c27 sda1/BOOT/fbx64.efi 621356d82b109cd860ad92cdf241c58b sda1/BOOT/grubx64.efi 82894bcbe4f010664226ba7591372538 sda1/ubuntu/fwupx64.efi 621356d82b109cd860ad92cdf241c58b sda1/ubuntu/grubx64.efi dc3c47be2f78a78e5e57d097ae6c5c84 sda1/ubuntu/mmx64.efi 78415fb8fb9b909f8029858113f1335f sda1/ubuntu/shimx64.efi ============================= Drive/Partition Info ============================= Disks info: ____________________________________________________________________ sda : is-GPT, hasBIOSboot, has---ESP, not-usb, not-mmc, has-os, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes Partitions info (1/3): _________________________________________________________ sda1 : no-os, 32, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, not-far sda4 : is-os, 64, apt-get, signed grub-efi , grub2, grub-install, grubenv-ok, update-grub, farbios Partitions info (2/3): _________________________________________________________ sda1 : is---ESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot sda4 : isnotESP, fstab-has-goodEFI, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot Partitions info (3/3): _________________________________________________________ sda1 : not-sepboot, no-boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, std-grub.d, sda sda4 : not-sepboot, with-boot, fstab-without-boot, not-sep-usr, with--usr, fstab-without-usr, std-grub.d, sda fdisk -l (filtered): ___________________________________________________________ Disk sda: 953.9 GiB, 1024209543168 bytes, 2000409264 sectors Disk identifier: 33BF281B-620C-4EE0-9E23-F71A72F15DE5 Start End Sectors Size Type sda1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System sda2 1050624 1052671 2048 1M BIOS boot sda3 1998407680 2000408575 2000896 977M Linux swap sda4 1052672 1998407679 1997355008 952.4G Linux filesystem Partition table entries are not in disk order. Disk sdb: 14.5 GiB, 15518924800 bytes, 30310400 sectors Disk identifier: 0x6e037a9d Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type sdb1 * 0 4153407 4153408 2G 0 Empty sdb2 12012 16939 4928 2.4M ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32) parted -lm (filtered): _________________________________________________________ sda:1024GB:scsi:512:512:gpt:ATA Samsung SSD 860:; 1:1049kB:538MB:537MB:fat32:EFI System Partition:boot, esp; 2:538MB:539MB:1049kB:::bios_grub; 4:539MB:1023GB:1023GB:ext4::; 3:1023GB:1024GB:1024MB:linux-swap(v1)::; sdb:15.5GB:scsi:512:512:unknown:TOSHIBA TransMemory:; blkid (filtered): ______________________________________________________________ NAME FSTYPE UUID PARTUUID LABEL PARTLABEL sda ├─sda1 vfat 1429-CC00 e4bb4583-22c0-4bc6-a1fa-d1bb1b3f27a0 EFI系统分区 ═─sda2 e6e6ec4d-80d0-46b5-bc3d-28f9ccf59e16
═─sda3 swap ff161f87-866c-44d3-8fc3-5a44f5263535 18d1b724-907d-49bc-bdaa-5d9708e843d7
└─sda4 ext4 b80b71b0-f0c6-4532-963f-4b92db7137e1 d7851347-5b99-4bb5-adf9-47c49f33611a
sdb iso9660 2020-02-03-18-40-13-00 Ubuntu 18.04.4 LTS amd64 ═─sdb1 iso9660 2020-02-03-18-40-13-00 6e037a9d-01 Ubuntu 18.04.4 LTS amd64 └─sdb2 vfat D055-8513 6e037a9d-02 Ubuntu 18.04.4 LTS amd64df (filtered): _________________________________________________________________ Avail Use% Mounted on sda1 501.4M 2% /mnt/boot-sav/sda1 sda4 861G 3% /mnt sdb 0 100% /cdrom Mount options: __________________________________________________________________ sda1 rw,relatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=mixed,errors=remount-ro sda4 rw,relatime sdb ro,noatime,nojoliet,check=s,map=n,blocksize=2048 ====================== sda4/boot/grub/grub.cfg (filtered) ====================== Ubuntu b80b71b0-f0c6-4532-963f-4b92db7137e1 Ubuntu, with Linux 5.4.0-81-generic b80b71b0-f0c6-4532-963f-4b92db7137e1 Ubuntu, with Linux 5.4.0-77-generic b80b71b0-f0c6-4532-963f-4b92db7137e1 Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-154-generic b80b71b0-f0c6-4532-963f-4b92db7137e1 ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ### System setup uefi-firmware ### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ### ========================== sda4/etc/fstab (filtered) =========================== # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> # / was on /dev/sda4 during installation UUID=b80b71b0-f0c6-4532-963f-4b92db7137e1 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 /swapfile none swap sw 0 0 UUID=1429-CC00 /boot/efi vfat defaults 0 1 ======================= sda4/etc/default/grub (filtered) ======================= GRUB_DEFAULT=0 GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden GRUB_TIMEOUT=10 GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian` GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash" GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="" ==================== sda4: Location of files loaded by Grub ==================== GiB - GB File Fragment(s) 322.627021790 = 346.418126848 boot/grub/grub.cfg 1 5.173885345 = 5.555417088 boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-154-generic 1 6.823253632 = 7.326412800 boot/vmlinuz-5.4.0-77-generic 2 698.909198761 = 750.448037888 boot/vmlinuz-5.4.0-81-generic 1 5.173885345 = 5.555417088 vmlinuz 1 698.909198761 = 750.448037888 vmlinuz.old 1 699.384670258 = 750.958571520 boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-154-generic 2 6.003189087 = 6.445875200 boot/initrd.img-5.4.0-77-generic 5 6.352848053 = 6.821318656 boot/initrd.img-5.4.0-81-generic 2 699.384670258 = 750.958571520 initrd.img 2 6.352848053 = 6.821318656 initrd.img.old 2 ===================== sda4: ls -l /etc/grub.d/ (filtered) ====================== -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 12808 Feb 24 19:47 10_linux -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 11298 Feb 24 19:47 20_linux_xen -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 12059 Feb 24 19:47 30_os-prober -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1418 Feb 24 19:47 30_uefi-firmware -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 214 Feb 24 19:47 40_custom -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 216 Feb 24 19:47 41_custom ====================== sdb/boot/grub/grub.cfg (filtered) ======================= Try Ubuntu without installing Install Ubuntu OEM install (for manufacturers) Check disc for defects ==================== sdb: Location of files loaded by Grub ===================== GiB - GB File Fragment(s) ?? = ?? boot/grub/grub.cfg 1 ======================== Unknown MBRs/Boot Sectors/etc ========================= Unknown BootLoader on sdb 00000000 45 52 08 00 00 00 90 90 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |ER..............| 00000010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................| 00000020 33 ed fa 8e d5 bc 00 7c fb fc 66 31 db 66 31 c9 |3......|..f1.f1.| 00000030 66 53 66 51 06 57 8e dd 8e c5 52 be 00 7c bf 00 |fSfQ.W....R..|..| 00000040 06 b9 00 01 f3 a5 ea 4b 06 00 00 52 b4 41 bb aa |.......K...R.A..| 00000050 55 31 c9 30 f6 f9 cd 13 72 16 81 fb 55 aa 75 10 |U1.0....r...U.u.| 00000060 83 e1 01 74 0b 66 c7 06 f3 06 b4 42 eb 15 eb 02 |...t.f.....B....| 00000070 31 c9 5a 51 b4 08 cd 13 5b 0f b6 c6 40 50 83 e1 |1.ZQ....[...@P..| 00000080 3f 51 f7 e1 53 52 50 bb 00 7c b9 04 00 66 a1 b0 |?Q..SRP..|...f..| 00000090 07 e8 44 00 0f 82 80 00 66 40 80 c7 02 e2 f2 66 |[email protected]| 000000a0 81 3e 40 7c fb c0 78 70 75 09 fa bc ec 7b ea 44 |.>@|..xpu....{.D| 000000b0 7c 00 00 e8 83 00 69 73 6f 6c 69 6e 75 78 2e 62 ||.....isolinux.b| 000000c0 69 6e 20 6d 69 73 73 69 6e 67 20 6f 72 20 63 6f |in missing or co| 000000d0 72 72 75 70 74 2e 0d 0a 66 60 66 31 d2 66 03 06 |rrupt...f`f1.f..| 000000e0 f8 7b 66 13 16 fc 7b 66 52 66 50 06 53 6a 01 6a |.{f...{fRfP.Sj.j| 000000f0 10 89 e6 66 f7 36 e8 7b c0 e4 06 88 e1 88 c5 92 |...f.6.{........| 00000100 f6 36 ee 7b 88 c6 08 e1 41 b8 01 02 8a 16 f2 7b |.6.{....A......{| 00000110 cd 13 8d 64 10 66 61 c3 e8 1e 00 4f 70 65 72 61 |...d.fa....Opera| 00000120 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6c 6f 61 64 |ting system load| 00000130 20 65 72 72 6f 72 2e 0d 0a 5e ac b4 0e 8a 3e 62 | error...^....>b| 00000140 04 b3 07 cd 10 3c 0a 75 f1 cd 18 f4 eb fd 00 00 |.....<.u........| 00000150 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................| * 000001b0 dc 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 9d 7a 03 6e 00 00 80 00 |.........z.n....| 000001c0 01 00 00 7e e0 fd 00 00 00 00 40 60 3f 00 00 fe |...~......@`?...| 000001d0 ff ff ef fe ff ff ec 2e 00 00 40 13 00 00 00 00 |..........@.....| 000001e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................| 000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 aa |..............U.| 00000200 =============================== StdErr Messages ================================ File descriptor 63 (pipe:[103038]) leaked on lvs invocation. Parent PID 24939: /bin/bash Suggested repair: ______________________________________________________________ The default repair of the Boot-Repair utility would reinstall the grub-efi-amd64-signed of sda4, using the following options: sda1/boot/efi, Additional repair would be performed: unhide-bootmenu-10s use-standard-efi-file restore-efi-backups Final advice in case of suggested repair: ______________________________________ Please do not forget to make your UEFI firmware boot on the Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS entry (sda1/efi/****/shim****.efi (**** will be updated in the final message) file) !