我的电脑结构如下：SSD 0.5T（C）仅适用于 Windows 10，HDD 1TB（E、F）E 部分包含过时的 Windows 7 废弃物，FI 用于用户文件等杂项。
我按照以下建议安装了 Ubuntu 22.04：https://medium.com/linuxforeveryone/how-to-install-ubuntu-20-04-and-dual-boot-alongside-windows-10-323a85271a73. 确切的说，我把 E 盘的空闲部分缩小了，用来做分区。
之后，我无法访问我的 Windows 10。我的 PC 自动从 HDD 启动，GRUB 看到 Ubuntu（而 Windows 7 显然无法启动它）。如果我在启动菜单上按 f12，只有这样我才能选择 SSD 作为启动源，但是当我选择它时 - 它会加载所有相同的 GRUB。sudo update grub没有帮助。Boot-Repair 给我这个信息：https://paste.ubuntu.com/p/jJwTxtXxJj/。
============================== Boot Info Summary ===============================
=> Windows 7/8/10/11/2012 is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda.
=> Grub2 (v2.00) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb and looks at sector 1 of
the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks
for (,msdos6)/boot/grub. It also embeds following components:
modules
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
fshelp ext2 part_msdos biosdisk
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
sda1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: vfat
Boot sector type: Windows 8/10/11/2012: FAT32
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /efi/Boot/bootx64.efi /efi/Boot/fbx64.efi
/efi/Boot/mmx64.efi /efi/ubuntu/grubx64.efi
/efi/ubuntu/mmx64.efi /efi/ubuntu/shimx64.efi
/efi/ubuntu/grub.cfg /efi/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
/efi/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgr.efi
sda2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system:
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
sda3: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows 8/10/11/2012: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System: Windows 8 or 10
Boot files: /Windows/System32/winload.exe
sda4: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows 8/10/11/2012: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files:
sdb1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows 7/2008: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /bootmgr /Boot/BCD
sdb2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows 8/10/11/2012: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files:
sdb3: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows 7/2008: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files:
sdb4: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: Extended Partition
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
sdb5: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: swap
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
sdb6: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System: Ubuntu 22.04.2 LTS
Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /etc/fstab /etc/default/grub
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img
sdb7: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext2
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System:
Boot files:
================================ 3 OS detected =================================
OS#1: Windows 7 (boot) on sdb1
OS#2: Ubuntu 22.04.2 LTS on sdb6
OS#3: Windows 8 or 10 on sda3
================================ Host/Hardware =================================
CPU architecture: 64-bit
Video: GK106 [GeForce GTX 660] Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor Integrated Graphics Controller VESA VGA from NVIDIA Corporation Intel Corporation
BOOT_IMAGE of the installed session in use:
/boot/vmlinuz-5.19.0-38-generic root=UUID=8c1eacdf-ad06-471b-8500-a24e61e80775 ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7
df -Th / : /dev/sdb6 ext4 15G 13G 1.2G 92% /
===================================== UEFI =====================================
BIOS/UEFI firmware: F3(4.6) from American Megatrends Inc.
The firmware is EFI-compatible, but this installed-session is in Legacy/BIOS/CSM mode (not in EFI mode).
64349b3622c65f495a99dbf6102496e3 sda1/Boot/bootx64.efi
a9c517741ac31962d7feb152948ad1ee sda1/Boot/fbx64.efi
a660182adef313615746a665966d2ccc sda1/Boot/mmx64.efi
5ddf997e8b025bfbc2009e85b32f60dc sda1/ubuntu/grubx64.efi
a660182adef313615746a665966d2ccc sda1/ubuntu/mmx64.efi
64349b3622c65f495a99dbf6102496e3 sda1/ubuntu/shimx64.efi
20ac8dde00311476f3755604eb0e545a sda1/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
27d382c5fc21df6f4a75baed05aa1d9d sda1/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgr.efi
============================= Drive/Partition Info =============================
Disks info: ____________________________________________________________________
sdb : notGPT, no-BIOSboot, has-noESP, not-usb, not-mmc, has-os, no-wind, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes
sda : is-GPT, no-BIOSboot, has---ESP, not-usb, not-mmc, has-os, has-win, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes
Partitions info (1/3): _________________________________________________________
sdb6 : is-os, 64, apt-get, signed grub-pc grub-efi , grub2, grub-install, grubenv-ok, update-grub, not-far
sdb2 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, not-far
sdb7 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, farbios
sdb3 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, farbios
sdb1 : is-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, not-far
sda4 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, farbios
sda3 : is-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, farbios
sda1 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, not-far
Partitions info (2/3): _________________________________________________________
sdb6 : isnotESP, fstab-has-goodEFI, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sdb2 : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sdb7 : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sdb3 : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sdb1 : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, bootmgr, is-winboot
sda4 : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, recovery-or-hidden, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sda3 : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, haswinload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
sda1 : is---ESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot
Partitions info (3/3): _________________________________________________________
sdb6 : not--sepboot, with-boot, fstab-without-boot, not-sep-usr, with--usr, fstab-without-usr, std-grub.d, sdb
sdb2 : not--sepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sdb
sdb7 : maybesepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sdb
sdb3 : not--sepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sdb
sdb1 : not--sepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sdb
sda4 : not--sepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sda
sda3 : not--sepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sda
sda1 : not--sepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sda
fdisk -l (filtered): ___________________________________________________________
Disk sda: 465.76 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Disk identifier: DF0979DF-6938-4836-BA9E-D2CDEBA30FF8
Start End Sectors Size Type
sda1 2048 206847 204800 100M EFI System
sda2 206848 239615 32768 16M Microsoft reserved
sda3 239616 975705584 975465969 465.1G Microsoft basic data
sda4 975706112 976771071 1064960 520M Windows recovery environment
Disk sdb: 931.51 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Disk identifier: 0x63f3bbb2
Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
sdb1 * 2048 208844 206797 101M 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
sdb2 208848 6604580 6395733 3G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
sdb3 614405928 1953525167 1339119240 638.5G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
sdb4 6604798 614404095 607799298 289.8G 5 Extended
sdb5 6604800 14604287 7999488 3.8G 82 Linux swap / Solaris
sdb6 14606336 46604287 31997952 15.3G 83 Linux
sdb7 46606336 614404095 567797760 270.7G 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
parted -lm (filtered): _________________________________________________________
sda:500GB:scsi:512:512:gpt:ATA WDC WDS500G2B0A:;
1:1049kB:106MB:105MB:fat32:EFI system partition:boot, esp;
2:106MB:123MB:16.8MB::Microsoft reserved partition:msftres;
3:123MB:500GB:499GB:ntfs:Basic data partition:msftdata;
4:500GB:500GB:545MB:ntfs::hidden, diag;
sdb:1000GB:scsi:512:4096:msdos:ATA TOSHIBA DT01ACA1:;
1:1049kB:107MB:106MB:ntfs::boot;
2:107MB:3382MB:3275MB:ntfs::;
4:3382MB:315GB:311GB:::;
5:3382MB:7477MB:4096MB:linux-swap(v1)::;
6:7478MB:23.9GB:16.4GB:ext4::;
7:23.9GB:315GB:291GB:ext2::;
3:315GB:1000GB:686GB:ntfs::;
blkid (filtered): ______________________________________________________________
NAME FSTYPE UUID PARTUUID LABEL PARTLABEL
sda
├─sda1 vfat 128E-A4D9 711e7e9d-b91f-4db3-afc3-20a6432f3c8c EFI system partition
├─sda2 e80b9080-42e7-4bc4-a76b-c9f1eee0f361 Microsoft reserved partition
├─sda3 ntfs 18328F59328F3B30 19d0a356-7f57-4eee-bb11-e114ab3840da Basic data partition
└─sda4 ntfs E462908662905F5C 15c30c63-698b-4843-b354-01bf06ed4456
sdb
├─sdb1 ntfs 5A2034F12034D62B 63f3bbb2-01 Зарезервировано системой
├─sdb2 ntfs CC5A9AD95A9ABF9E 63f3bbb2-02 Новый том
├─sdb3 ntfs 447039BC7039B590 63f3bbb2-03
├─sdb4 63f3bbb2-04
├─sdb5 swap 39c16168-6904-4518-843e-0a4d3e588c0f 63f3bbb2-05
├─sdb6 ext4 8c1eacdf-ad06-471b-8500-a24e61e80775 63f3bbb2-06
└─sdb7 ext2 ab28032f-387c-498b-9774-18e3c3c7e044 63f3bbb2-07
Mount points (filtered): _______________________________________________________
Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 64.9M 32% /mnt/boot-sav/sda1
/dev/sda3 309.8G 33% /mnt/boot-sav/sda3
/dev/sda4 88.6M 83% /mnt/boot-sav/sda4
/dev/sdb1 74M 27% /mnt/boot-sav/sdb1
/dev/sdb2 3G 3% /mnt/boot-sav/sdb2
/dev/sdb3 331.1G 48% /mnt/boot-sav/sdb3
/dev/sdb6 1.2G 87% /
/dev/sdb7 247G 2% /home
Mount options (filtered): ______________________________________________________
===================== sda1/efi/ubuntu/grub.cfg (filtered) ======================
search.fs_uuid 8c1eacdf-ad06-471b-8500-a24e61e80775 root hd1,msdos6
set prefix=($root)'/boot/grub'
configfile $prefix/grub.cfg
====================== sdb6/boot/grub/grub.cfg (filtered) ======================
Ubuntu 8c1eacdf-ad06-471b-8500-a24e61e80775
Ubuntu, with Linux 5.19.0-38-generic 8c1eacdf-ad06-471b-8500-a24e61e80775
Ubuntu, with Linux 5.19.0-32-generic 8c1eacdf-ad06-471b-8500-a24e61e80775
Windows 7 (on sdb1) 5A2034F12034D62B
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
========================== sdb6/etc/fstab (filtered) ===========================
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# / was on /dev/sdb6 during installation
UUID=8c1eacdf-ad06-471b-8500-a24e61e80775 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /boot/efi was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=128E-A4D9 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 1
# /home was on /dev/sdb7 during installation
UUID=ab28032f-387c-498b-9774-18e3c3c7e044 /home ext2 defaults 0 2
# swap was on /dev/sdb5 during installation
UUID=39c16168-6904-4518-843e-0a4d3e588c0f none swap sw 0 0
======================= sdb6/etc/default/grub (filtered) =======================
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden
GRUB_TIMEOUT=10
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian`
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""
==================== sdb6: Location of files loaded by Grub ====================
GiB - GB File Fragment(s)
21.580150604 = 23.171510272 boot/grub/grub.cfg 1
13.568828583 = 14.569418752 boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img 1
13.601192474 = 14.604169216 boot/vmlinuz 1
12.171504974 = 13.069053952 boot/vmlinuz-5.19.0-32-generic 1
13.601192474 = 14.604169216 boot/vmlinuz-5.19.0-38-generic 1
12.171504974 = 13.069053952 boot/vmlinuz.old 1
18.837516785 = 20.226629632 boot/initrd.img 1
18.204616547 = 19.547058176 boot/initrd.img-5.19.0-32-generic 1
18.837516785 = 20.226629632 boot/initrd.img-5.19.0-38-generic 1
18.204616547 = 19.547058176 boot/initrd.img.old 1
===================== sdb6: ls -l /etc/grub.d/ (filtered) ======================
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 18683 Dec 2 18:18 10_linux
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 43031 Dec 2 18:18 10_linux_zfs
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 14180 Dec 2 18:18 20_linux_xen
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13369 Dec 2 18:18 30_os-prober
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1372 Dec 2 18:18 30_uefi-firmware
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 700 Sep 20 2022 35_fwupd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 214 Dec 2 18:18 40_custom
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 215 Dec 2 18:18 41_custom
Suggested repair: ______________________________________________________________
The default repair of the Boot-Repair utility would reinstall the grub-efi of
sdb6,
using the following options: sda1/boot/efi
Additional repair would be performed: unhide-bootmenu-10s use-standard-efi-file
Blockers in case of suggested repair: __________________________________________
WindowsEFI detected. Please disable BIOS-compatibility/CSM/Legacy mode in your UEFI firmware, and use this software from a live-CD (or live-USB) that is compatible with UEFI booting mode. For example, use a live-USB of Boot-Repair-Disk-64bit (www.sourceforge.net/p/boot-repair-cd), after making sure your BIOS is set up to boot USB in EFI mode.
Final advice in case of suggested repair: ______________________________________
Please do not forget to make your UEFI firmware boot on the Ubuntu 22.04.2 LTS entry (sda1/efi/****/grub****.efi (**** will be updated in the final message) file) !
If your computer reboots directly into Windows, try to change the boot order in your UEFI firmware.
If your UEFI firmware does not allow to change the boot order, change the default boot entry of the Windows bootloader.
For example you can boot into Windows, then type the following command in an admin command prompt:
bcdedit /set {bootmgr} path \EFI\****\grub****.efi (**** will be updated in the final message)
The boot of your PC is in BIOS-compatibility/CSM/Legacy mode. You may want to retry after changing it to UEFI mode.
已编辑：问题目前已解决，非常感谢 oldfred 和其他经验丰富的用户。我尝试通过 Ubuntu 和 liveUSB 启动进行启动修复 - 它给出了错误的旧版 Win 7 启动项。然后我禁用了传统模式，启动 Ubuntu，更新 GRUB，它找到了所需的 Win 10 启动项。
答案1
目前问题已经解决，非常感谢 oldfred 和其他经验丰富的用户。我尝试通过 Ubuntu 和 liveUSB 启动进行启动修复 - 它给出了错误的旧版 Win 7 启动项。然后我禁用了传统模式，启动 Ubuntu，更新 GRUB，它找到了所需的 Win 10 启动项。