使用 LTS Ubuntu 版本 16.04，我一直在尝试分配所需的信息以允许 UEFI 持久启动，同时尝试扩展辅助 casper-rw 分区以满足我的 3.0 USB 128GB 闪存盘的全部容量。
但是，已经按照相应的步骤进行了操作，现在它不会在仅限 Legacy UEFI 中发布，但重启后不会保持持久性。
对于成功完成此事的人，任何指导都将不胜感激。
答案1
使持久实时系统在 UEFI 和 BIOS 模式下启动
韓國可以使用 Ubuntu 和 Debian 创建持久实时系统（包括 Ubuntu 社区版本以及几个（但不是全部）基于 Ubuntu 和 Debian 的发行版）。
可以使这些持久实时系统在 BIOS 和 UEFI 模式下启动，均可从 64 位和 32 位 iso 文件启动。
链接
help.ubuntu.com/community/mkusb
help.ubuntu.com/community/mkusb/persistent
演示示例
我做了一个Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTSUSB 3 128 GB 闪存盘中的持久实时驱动器。这个闪存盘使用了很多次，速度越来越慢，但它仍在工作。（我想我很快就会“擦除整个设备”以使其再次变快。）
这是“控制台输出”，
$ dus ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso
dus 12.3.0
live system or temporary superuser permissions
Drive that contains source file: /dev/sdc
Live drive, that is booted from: /dev/sda
Drive with a partition in fstab: /dev/sdb
cands=1
sdd
SanDisk_ExtremePro
119,2G
usb
USB or memory card
p_target: target=/dev/sdd
settings=
percent=90
Prepare persistent live system from
'ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso'
to the target device (drive) '/dev/sdd'
MODEL NAME FSTYPE LABEL SIZE
ExtremePro sdd iso9660 TinyCore 119,2G
└─sdd1 iso9660 TinyCore 14M
ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso
/dev/sdd
90
settings=
-----
live system or temporary superuser permissions
ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso
/dev/sdd
90
settings=
source=ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso
target=/dev/sdd
percent=90
msdos=false
upefi=false
dni=false
source=ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso
ls -l ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso
-rw-r--r-- 1 olle olle 1513308160 aug 30 2016 ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
start [dus-persistent 12.3.0] @ 2018-04-17 20:14:09
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Making a USB boot drive or memory card ..........................
running operating system: ubuntu
grub_n_iso "$source" "$target" "$result"
grub_n_iso ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso /dev/sdd
***** tu=/dev/sdd ****************************************************
selected target partition table: 'gpt'
dus-persistent wants the program 'usb-pack-efi': wanted in order to install 'persistent live'.
dus-persistent 12.3.0 wants usb-pack-efi but it is not installed.
wanted in order to install 'persistent live'.
mount: /dev/loop0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS "Xenial Xerus" - Release amd64
mount: /dev/loop0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
select_boot_system: usb-pack_efi is available
select_boot_system: usb-pack_efi: using variable 'upefi=false'
item 00
'ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso' is identified as the source ISO file
<pre>
MODEL NAME FSTYPE LABEL MOUNTPOINT SIZE
ExtremePro sdd iso9660 TinyCore 119,2G
`-sdd1 iso9660 TinyCore 14M
</pre>
Using the file '/usr/share/mkusb/grub.cfg'
item 10
Clean for a GUID partition table
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.1
Partition table scan:
MBR: MBR only
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: not present
***************************************************************
Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format
in memory. THIS OPERATION IS POTENTIALLY DESTRUCTIVE! Exit by
typing 'q' if you don't want to convert your MBR partitions
to GPT format!
***************************************************************
Warning! Main partition table overlaps the first partition by 34 blocks!
You will need to delete this partition or resize it in another utility.
Command (? for help): This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.
Proceed? (Y/N):
Command (? for help):
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdd.
The operation has completed successfully.
Wipe the first megabyte (mibibyte) to get a clean boot area
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1,0 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 0,150058 s, 7,0 MB/s
Wait 5 seconds and a little more ...
item 20
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Selected percentage of remaining space for persistence = 90
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
partition 1 - ntfs 'usbdata'
Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
partition 2 - bios_grub
partition 3 - fat32 boot,efi
partition 4 - iso9660 - cloned system
partition 5 - ext4 - 'casper-rw'
item 30
preparing /dev/sdd3 ------------------------------------------------
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1,0 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 0,135527 s, 7,7 MB/s
umount: /dev/sdd3: not mounted
mkfs.fat 3.0.28 (2015-05-16)
/dev/sdd3 has 255 heads and 63 sectors per track,
hidden sectors 0x1000;
logical sector size is 512,
using 0xf8 media descriptor, with 499712 sectors;
drive number 0x80;
filesystem has 2 32-bit FATs and 1 sector per cluster.
FAT size is 3844 sectors, and provides 491992 clusters.
There are 32 reserved sectors.
Volume ID is 98e64270, no volume label.
item 40
preparing /dev/sdd1 ------------------------------------------------
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1,0 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 0,0425365 s, 24,7 MB/s
umount: /dev/sdd1: not mounted
Cluster size has been automatically set to 4096 bytes.
Creating NTFS volume structures.
Creating root directory (mft record 5)
Creating $MFT (mft record 0)
Creating $MFTMirr (mft record 1)
Creating $LogFile (mft record 2)
Creating $AttrDef (mft record 4)
Creating $Bitmap (mft record 6)
Creating $Boot (mft record 7)
Creating backup boot sector.
Creating $Volume (mft record 3)
Creating $BadClus (mft record 8)
Creating $Secure (mft record 9)
Creating $UpCase (mft record 0xa)
Creating $Extend (mft record 11)
Creating system file (mft record 0xc)
Creating system file (mft record 0xd)
Creating system file (mft record 0xe)
Creating system file (mft record 0xf)
Creating $Quota (mft record 24)
Creating $ObjId (mft record 25)
Creating $Reparse (mft record 26)
Syncing root directory index record.
Syncing $Bitmap.
Syncing $MFT.
Updating $MFTMirr.
Syncing device.
mkntfs completed successfully. Have a nice day.
preparing /dev/sdd5 ------------------------------------------------
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1,0 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 0,306058 s, 3,4 MB/s
umount: /dev/sdd5: not mounted
mke2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Creating filesystem with 27739265 4k blocks and 6938624 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 8ab3dcb4-ef4e-4fce-a7a0-c30ff55e3556
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
item 50
mount: /media/multimed-2/CD/ubuntu/16.04/ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso is already mounted
fatlabel: warning - lowercase labels might not work properly with DOS or Windows
tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
source=ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
item 60
umount: /dev/sdd3: not mounted
mount /dev/sdd3 /tmp/dus.9PLDBnyz6K
/dev/sdd3 241M 512 241M 1% /tmp/dus.9PLDBnyz6K
item 65
umount: /dev/sdd1: not mounted
/dev/sdd1 12G 62M 12G 1% /tmp/dus.S1WqEpXLsT
item 70
UEFI Bootloader: Installing for i386-pc platform.
Installation finished. No error reported.
item 80
64-bit bootloader: copy the boot files from the iso file
looper=/tmp/dus.9TDw3CrMfL
targ1=/tmp/dus.9PLDBnyz6K
rsync: symlink "/tmp/dus.9PLDBnyz6K/ubuntu" -> "." failed: Operation not permitted (1)
rsync: symlink "/tmp/dus.9PLDBnyz6K/dists/stable" -> "xenial" failed: Operation not permitted (1)
rsync: symlink "/tmp/dus.9PLDBnyz6K/dists/unstable" -> "xenial" failed: Operation not permitted (1)
rsync error: some files/attrs were not transferred (see previous errors) (code 23) at main.c(1183) [sender=3.1.1]
rsync: don't worry, symlink errors are *expected*
because of the target file system.
Using the file '/tmp/dus.9PLDBnyz6K/boot/grub/grub.cfg'
set security upgrade action to 'Display immediately'
umount: /dev/sdd4: not mounted
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
do_n_show:
< "ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso" pv -ni2 | dd of=/dev/sdd4 bs=4096
( < "ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso" pv -ni2 | dd of=/dev/sdd4 bs=4096 && echo 'Done' > /dev/stderr ) 2>&1 || ( echo '# failed';sleep 1 )
Please wait for sync (flushing file system buffers to the device)
until 'Done' is written ...
'pv %'; 'dd final output'
7
12
13
13
13
13
14
15
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
26
26
27
27
27
29
31
34
35
36
37
41
45
49
53
58
62
66
69
71
73
77
81
85
89
94
98
100
369460+0 poster in
369460+0 poster ut
1513308160 byte (1,5 GB, 1,4 GiB) kopierade, 88,7954 s, 17,0 MB/s
Done
do_n_show: Work done
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Syncing the target device ...
item 90
Wait 5 seconds and a little more ...
<pre>
parted -s "/dev/sdd" print
Model: SanDisk ExtremePro (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdd: 128GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
2 1049kB 2097kB 1049kB primary bios_grub
3 2097kB 258MB 256MB fat32 primary boot, esp
4 258MB 1791MB 1533MB primary
5 1791MB 115GB 114GB ext2 primary
1 115GB 128GB 12,6GB ntfs primary msftdata
lsblk -o MODEL,NAME,FSTYPE,LABEL,MOUNTPOINT,SIZE "/dev/sdd"
MODEL NAME FSTYPE LABEL MOUNTPOINT SIZE
ExtremePro sdd 119,2G
|-sdd1 ntfs usbdata 11,8G
|-sdd2 1M
|-sdd3 vfat usbboot 244M
|-sdd4 iso9660 Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS amd64 1,4G
`-sdd5 ext4 casper-rw 105,8G
</pre>
Done :-)
The target device is ready to use.
'ubuntu-16.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso'
was installed
item 100
Cleanup after dus-persistent finished :-)
Cleanup after dus-persistent finished :-)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total time used [by dus-persistent] = 204 s; 00:03:24
p_clean:
live system or temporary superuser permissions
clean if necessary and return
$
ubuntu-persistent-live-in-bios-mode.png：
ubuntu-persistent-live-in-uefi-mode.png：
