在我的 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 中：
marco@PC:~$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS
Release: 18.04
Codename: bionic
我有 gcc 版本 7.3.0：
marco@PC:~$ gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/lto-wrapper
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none
OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu
7.3.0-21ubuntu1~16.04' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-
7/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++
--prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-7
--program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-
id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-
threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --with-sysroot=/ --enable-
clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-
default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-
verify --enable-libmpx --enable-plugin --with-system-zlib --with-target-
system-zlib --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror
--with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32
--enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none
--without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu
--host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 7.3.0 (Ubuntu 7.3.0-21ubuntu1~16.04)
我想要安装 gcc-8：
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get install gcc-8
[sudo] password for marco:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
gcc-8 : Depends: cpp-8 (= 8.1.0-1ubuntu1) but it is not going to be
installed
Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.1.0-1ubuntu1) but 8.1.0-5ubuntu1~16.04
is to be installed
Depends: libgcc-8-dev (= 8.1.0-1ubuntu1) but it is not going to
be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
按照这里的提示askUbuntu：无法纠正问题，您持有损坏的软件包
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get update
[sudo] password for marco:
Hit:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease
Hit:2 http://cz.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease
Hit:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease
Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease [88.7 kB]
Hit:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease
Fetched 88.7 kB in 1s (107 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get autoremove
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
marco@PC:~$ dpkg --get-selections | grep hold
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get update
Hit:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease
Hit:2 http://cz.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease
Hit:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease
Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease [88.7 kB]
Hit:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease
Fetched 88.7 kB in 1s (123 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
然后，我检查了所使用的 PPA 存储库，按照建议进行操作：
marco@PC:~$ apt-cache policy gcc-8 cpp-8 libgcc-8-dev
gcc-8:
Installed: (none)
Candidate: 8.1.0-1ubuntu1
Version table:
8.1.0-1ubuntu1 500
500 http://ppa.launchpad.net/ubuntu-toolchain-r/test/ubuntu
bionic/main amd64 Packages
8-20180414-1ubuntu2 500
500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64
Packages
cpp-8:
Installed: (none)
Candidate: 8.1.0-1ubuntu1
Version table:
8.1.0-1ubuntu1 500
500 http://ppa.launchpad.net/ubuntu-toolchain-r/test/ubuntu
bionic/main amd64 Packages
8-20180414-1ubuntu2 500
500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64
Packages
libgcc-8-dev:
Installed: (none)
Candidate: 8.1.0-1ubuntu1
Version table:
8.1.0-1ubuntu1 500
500 http://ppa.launchpad.net/ubuntu-toolchain-r/test/ubuntu
bionic/main amd64 Packages
8-20180414-1ubuntu2 500
500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64
Packages
然后我删除了 PPA ubuntu-toolchain-r/test ：
sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
Toolchain test builds; see https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ToolChain
More info: https://launchpad.net/~ubuntu-toolchain-r/+archive/ubuntu/test
Press [ENTER] to continue or Ctrl-c to cancel removing it.
但问题仍然存在：
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get install gcc-8
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
gcc-8 : Depends: cpp-8 (= 8-20180414-1ubuntu2) but it is not going to be
installed
Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8-20180414-1ubuntu2) but 8.1.0-5ubuntu1~16.04
is to be installed
Depends: libgcc-8-dev (= 8-20180414-1ubuntu2) but it is not going to
be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get install cpp-8
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
cpp-8 : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.1.0-1ubuntu1) but 8.1.0-5ubuntu1~16.04
is to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get install gcc-8-base
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
gcc-8-base is already the newest version (8.1.0-5ubuntu1~16.04).
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get install libgcc-8-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
libgcc-8-dev : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.1.0-1ubuntu1) but
8.1.0-5ubuntu1~16.04 is to be installed
Depends: libasan5 (>= 8.1.0-1ubuntu1) but it is not going
to be installed
Depends: libubsan1 (>= 8.1.0-1ubuntu1) but it is not
going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get install libasan5
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
libasan5 : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.1.0-1ubuntu1) but
8.1.0-5ubuntu1~16.04 is to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get install libubsan1
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
libubsan1 : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.1.0-1ubuntu1) but
8.1.0-5ubuntu1~16.04 is to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
所以......看来为了安装 gcc-8 我必须安装依赖于其他软件包的其他软件包，而这些软件包又依赖于已经正确安装的 gcc-8-base。
上面写着“包裹破损”……那么如何解决这个问题呢？期待您的善意提示和帮助。Marco
更新中：
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
ppa-purge is already the newest version (0.2.8+bzr63).
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
marco@PC:~$ sudo ppa-purge ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
Updating packages lists
PPA to be removed: ubuntu-toolchain-r test
Warning: Could not find package list for PPA: ubuntu-toolchain-r test
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt-get update
Hit:1 http://cz.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease
Hit:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease
Hit:3 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease
Hit:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease
Hit:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease
Reading package lists... Done
marco@PC:~$ sudo apt install gcc-8-base gcc-8 cpp-8 libgcc-8-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
gcc-8-base is already the newest version (8.1.0-5ubuntu1~16.04).
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
cpp-8 : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8-20180414-1ubuntu2) but 8.1.0-5ubuntu1~16.04
is to be installed
gcc-8 : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8-20180414-1ubuntu2) but 8.1.0-5ubuntu1~16.04
is to be installed
libgcc-8-dev : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8-20180414-1ubuntu2) but
8.1.0-5ubuntu1~16.04 is to be installed
Depends: libasan5 (>= 8-20180414-1ubuntu2) but it is not
going to be installed
Depends: libubsan1 (>= 8-20180414-1ubuntu2) but it is not
going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
安装 aptitude 后，我按照 aptitude 给出的建议进行操作。现在我遇到了这种情况：
marco@PC:~$ sudo update-alternatives --config gcc
There are 2 choices for the alternative gcc (providing /usr/bin/gcc).
Selection Path Priority Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0 /usr/bin/gcc-7 700 auto mode
1 /usr/bin/gcc-7 700 manual mode
2 /usr/bin/gcc-8 80 manual mode
marco@PC:~$ g++ -std=c++17 HelloWorld.cpp -oHelloWorld
marco@PC:~$ ./HelloWorld
Hello World!
如果我选择使用 gcc-8：
marco@PC:~$ sudo update-alternatives --config gcc
There are 2 choices for the alternative gcc (providing /usr/bin/gcc).
Selection Path Priority Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0 /usr/bin/gcc-7 700 auto mode
1 /usr/bin/gcc-7 700 manual mode
2 /usr/bin/gcc-8 80 manual mode
Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 2
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/gcc-8 to provide /usr/bin/gcc (gcc) in
manual mode
update-alternatives: warning: skip creation of /usr/bin/g++ because
associated file /usr/bin/g++-8 (of link group gcc) doesn't exist
marco@PC:~$ sudo aptitude install g++-8
The following NEW packages will be installed:
g++-8 libstdc++-8-dev{a}
0 packages upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 9,623 kB of archives. After unpacking 43.7 MB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?] Y
Get: 1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 libstdc++-8-
dev amd64 8-20180414-1ubuntu2 [1,536 kB]
Get: 2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 g++-8 amd64
8-20180414-1ubuntu2 [8,088 kB]
Fetched 9,623 kB in 1s (7,165 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package libstdc++-8-dev:amd64.
(Reading database ... 92421 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libstdc++-8-dev_8-20180414-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libstdc++-8-dev:amd64 (8-20180414-1ubuntu2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package g++-8.
Preparing to unpack .../g++-8_8-20180414-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking g++-8 (8-20180414-1ubuntu2) ...
Setting up libstdc++-8-dev:amd64 (8-20180414-1ubuntu2) ...
Setting up g++-8 (8-20180414-1ubuntu2) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2) ...
marco@PC:~$ sudo update-alternatives --config gcc
There are 2 choices for the alternative gcc (providing /usr/bin/gcc).
Selection Path Priority Status
------------------------------------------------------------
0 /usr/bin/gcc-7 700 auto mode
1 /usr/bin/gcc-7 700 manual mode
* 2 /usr/bin/gcc-8 80 manual mode
Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number:
update-alternatives: warning: forcing reinstallation of alternative /usr/bin
/gcc-8 because link group gcc is broken
现在，重新启动后，它似乎可以正常工作：
marco@PC:~$ sudo update-alternatives --config gcc
There are 2 choices for the alternative gcc (providing /usr/bin/gcc).
Selection Path Priority Status
------------------------------------------------------------
0 /usr/bin/gcc-7 700 auto mode
1 /usr/bin/gcc-7 700 manual mode
* 2 /usr/bin/gcc-8 80 manual mode
Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number:
marco@PC:~$ g++ -std=c++17 HelloWorld.cpp -oHelloWorld
marco@PC:~$ ./HelloWorld
Hello World!
marco@PC:~$ gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/lto-wrapper
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none
OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu
8-20180414-1ubuntu2' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-8/README.Bugs
--enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr
--with-gcc-major-version-only --with-as=/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-as --with-
ld=/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-ld --program-suffix=-8 --program-prefix=x86_64-
linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib
--without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-
nls --with-sysroot=/ --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-
libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-
object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-libmpx --enable-plugin --enable-
default-pie --with-system-zlib --with-target-system-zlib --enable-objc-
gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-
abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-
tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none --without-cuda-driver
--enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu
--target=x86_64-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 8.0.1 20180414 (experimental) [trunk revision 259383] (Ubuntu
8-20180414-1ubuntu2)
答案1
您的软件源中来自 16.04 的不兼容存储库会干扰在 Ubuntu 18.04 中安装其他软件包，并导致有关软件包损坏的错误消息，因此请使用以下命令删除这些不兼容的存储库：ppa 清除来自您的软件源。
然后，您将能够从默认的 Ubuntu 18.04 存储库安装所需的软件包。打开终端并输入：
sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
sudo apt update
sudo apt install aptitude
sudo aptitude install libubsan1 libasan5 libgcc-8-dev gcc-8-base gcc-8 cpp-8 g++-8
如果在运行最后一个命令后出现依赖性问题，请按照 aptitude 的建议进行操作，因为 aptitude 会非常智能地建议如何解决由损坏的软件包引起的依赖性问题。