一周前在笔记本电脑上安装了 Ubuntu Server 20.04 作为开发服务器，并决定在其上启用软件 RAID1。已经将第二个硬盘放入其中，并决定在破坏某些东西之前在带有 2 个虚拟驱动器的 VBox Ubuntu 上尝试本教程：https://www.prado.lt/how-to-set-up-software-raid1-on-a-running-lvm-system-incl-grub2-configuration-ubuntu-18-04
问题是，按照该fdisk -l命令后，真实机器上显示：
root@test:/# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/loop0: 9.7 MiB, 9510912 bytes, 18576 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop1: 97.6 MiB, 101777408 bytes, 198784 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop2: 97.72 MiB, 102445056 bytes, 200088 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop3: 54.98 MiB, 57626624 bytes, 112552 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop4: 55.33 MiB, 58007552 bytes, 113296 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop5: 68.73 MiB, 72048640 bytes, 140720 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop6: 68.64 MiB, 71962624 bytes, 140552 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop7: 30.95 MiB, 32432128 bytes, 63344 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/sda: 465.78 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Disk model: ST500LM012 HN-M5
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: CBE0124B-3C38-41E7-A4F6-A2599D5AE737
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sda1 2048 4095 2048 1M BIOS boot
/dev/sda2 4096 976771071 976766976 465.8G Linux filesystem
The primary GPT table is corrupt, but the backup appears OK, so that will be used.
Disk /dev/sdc: 465.78 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Disk model: ST500LM021-1KJ15
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: CBE0124B-3C38-41E7-A4F6-A2599D5AE737
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdc1 2048 4095 2048 1M BIOS boot
/dev/sdc2 4096 976771071 976766976 465.8G Linux filesystem
Disk /dev/loop8: 30.27 MiB, 31735808 bytes, 61984 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
GPT PMBR size mismatch (976773167 != 976508927) will be corrected by write.
Disk /dev/md0: 465.65 GiB, 499972571136 bytes, 976508928 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/md0p1 1 976508927 976508927 465.7G ee GPT
Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.
已经完成这一步：
dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/md0 bs=16K status=progress conv=sync,noerror,notrunc
来自真实机器的一些附加信息：
root@test:/# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md0 : active raid1 sdc[1]
488254464 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [_U]
bitmap: 4/4 pages [16KB], 65536KB chunk
unused devices: <none>
root@test:/# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 385M 1.9M 383M 1% /run
/dev/sda2 458G 12G 423G 3% /
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/loop0 9.2M 9.2M 0 100% /snap/canonical-livepatch/95
/dev/loop2 98M 98M 0 100% /snap/core/10126
/dev/loop4 56M 56M 0 100% /snap/core18/1885
/dev/loop3 55M 55M 0 100% /snap/core18/1880
/dev/loop1 98M 98M 0 100% /snap/core/9993
/dev/loop8 31M 31M 0 100% /snap/snapd/9279
/dev/loop7 31M 31M 0 100% /snap/snapd/9607
/dev/loop6 69M 69M 0 100% /snap/lxd/17629
/dev/loop5 69M 69M 0 100% /snap/lxd/17738
tmpfs 385M 0 385M 0% /run/user/1000
驱动器的 SMART 状态：
root@test:/# smartctl -a /dev/sda
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.4.0-48-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Samsung SpinPoint M8 (AF)
Device Model: ST500LM012 HN-M500MBB
Serial Number: S2ZYJ9EGB02579
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0004cf 21138cf1c
Firmware Version: 2BA30001
User Capacity: 500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 6
SATA Version is: SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Sat Oct 17 04:36:15 2020 EEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 5880) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 98) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x003f) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 100 100 051 Pre-fail Always - 365
2 Throughput_Performance 0x0026 252 252 000 Old_age Always - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0023 095 083 025 Pre-fail Always - 1786
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 095 095 000 Old_age Always - 5230
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 252 252 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002e 252 252 051 Old_age Always - 0
8 Seek_Time_Performance 0x0024 252 252 015 Old_age Offline - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 8095
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0032 252 252 051 Old_age Always - 0
11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 295
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 095 095 000 Old_age Always - 5239
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 123
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 210
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0002 060 044 000 Old_age Always - 40 (Min/Max 14/56)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 252 252 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 252 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 252 252 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0036 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x002a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 86925
223 Load_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 295
225 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 050 050 000 Old_age Always - 505339
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 0
Note: revision number not 1 implies that no selective self-test has ever been run
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Completed [00% left] (0-65535)
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
root@test:/# smartctl -a /dev/sdc
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.4.0-48-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Laptop HDD
Device Model: ST500LM021-1KJ152
Serial Number: W62ANTP8
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 090679a73
Firmware Version: 0002YXM1
User Capacity: 500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is: SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Sat Oct 17 04:37:59 2020 EEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
See vendor-specific Attribute list for marginal Attributes.
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x53) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
No Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 79) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x103d) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 114 099 006 Pre-fail Always - 63743728
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0023 098 098 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 757
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002f 067 060 030 Pre-fail Always - 64515159546
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 096 096 000 Old_age Always - 4048
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0033 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 756
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0033 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 099 000 Old_age Always - 4295622666
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 065 045 045 Old_age Always In_the_past 35 (Min/Max 24/55)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 233
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 14
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 092 092 000 Old_age Always - 17501
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 035 055 000 Old_age Always - 35 (0 16 0 0 0)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
254 Free_Fall_Sensor 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
如果按照教程操作，下一个 SAFE 命令是什么？提前致谢
答案1
从他人的错误中吸取教训：
白手起家
再次执行了所有操作，但遵循本教程（请注意，在谈论其文档中的正确步骤顺序时，Ubuntu 的语义有点奇怪）：
在 RAID1 上安装 Ubuntu 18.04（作者：Calvin.Me）
它的效果非常好