几天前，我尝试在笔记本电脑上安装 Ubuntu 18.04。但安装过程在初始阶段冻结。所以有人建议我在 grub 中添加 nomodeset。在 grub 中添加 nomodeset 后，Ubuntu 安装成功。但登录后，我发现 ubuntu 桌面在低图形下运行。有人说我必须安装 NVIDIA 驱动程序（因为笔记本电脑有 NVIDIA Geforce 520M 卡）。我按照他们的说明操作，但操作系统崩溃了。
这是 sykumar-hcl-me-laptop
description: Laptop
product: HCL ME Laptop (0)
vendor: HCL Infosystems Limited
version: 1.0
serial: SSN12345678901234567
width: 64 bits
capabilities: smbios-2.6 dmi-2.6 smp vsyscall32
configuration: boot=normal chassis=laptop family=PEGA Family sku=0
*-core
description: Motherboard
product: HCL ME Laptop
vendor: HCL
physical id: 0
version: 1.0
serial: BSN12345678901234567
slot: MIDDLE
*-firmware
description: BIOS
vendor: American Megatrends Inc.
physical id: 0
version: 206
date: 05/06/2011
size: 64KiB
capacity: 1984KiB
capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int5printscreen int9keyboard int14serial int17printer acpi usb biosbootspecification
*-cpu
description: CPU
product: Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-2370M CPU @ 2.40GHz
vendor: Intel Corp.
physical id: 4
bus info: cpu@0
version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-2370M CPU @ 2.40GHz
serial: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
slot: CPU 1
size: 987MHz
capacity: 4GHz
width: 64 bits
clock: 100MHz
capabilities: x86-64 fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx rdtscp constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic popcnt tsc_deadline_timer xsave avx lahf_lm epb pti tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid xsaveopt dtherm arat pln pts cpufreq
configuration: cores=2 enabledcores=1 threads=2
*-cache:0
description: L1 cache
physical id: 5
slot: L1-Cache
size: 32KiB
capacity: 32KiB
capabilities: internal write-back unified
configuration: level=1
*-cache:1
description: L2 cache
physical id: 6
slot: L2-Cache
size: 256KiB
capacity: 256KiB
capabilities: internal varies unified
configuration: level=2
*-cache:2
description: L3 cache
physical id: 7
slot: L3-Cache
size: 3MiB
capacity: 3MiB
capabilities: internal varies unified
configuration: level=3
*-memory
description: System Memory
physical id: 41
slot: System board or motherboard
size: 4GiB
*-bank:0
description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
product: V01D3S82GB26826813
vendor: 0000
physical id: 0
serial: 00000000
slot: DIMM0
size: 2GiB
width: 64 bits
clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns)
*-bank:1
description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
product: HMT325S6CFR8C-H9
vendor: Hynix Semiconductor (Hyundai Electronics)
physical id: 1
serial: 0463502E
slot: DIMM2
size: 2GiB
width: 64 bits
clock: 1333MHz (0.8ns)
*-pci
description: Host bridge
product: 2nd Generation Core Processor Family DRAM Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 100
bus info: pci@0000:00:00.0
version: 09
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
*-pci:0
description: PCI bridge
product: Xeon E3-1200/2nd Generation Core Processor Family PCI Express Root Port
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1
bus info: pci@0000:00:01.0
version: 09
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pm msi pciexpress normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:16 ioport:d000(size=4096) memory:f3000000-f40fffff ioport:d0000000(size=301989888)
*-display UNCLAIMED
description: VGA compatible controller
product: GF108M [GeForce GT 520M]
vendor: NVIDIA Corporation
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:01:00.0
version: a1
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress vga_controller bus_master cap_list
configuration: latency=0
resources: memory:f3000000-f3ffffff memory:d0000000-dfffffff memory:e0000000-e1ffffff ioport:d000(size=128) memory:f4000000-f407ffff
*-display UNCLAIMED
description: VGA compatible controller
product: 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 2
bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0
version: 09
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: msi pm vga_controller bus_master cap_list
configuration: latency=0
resources: memory:f4400000-f47fffff memory:c0000000-cfffffff ioport:e000(size=64) memory:c0000-dffff
*-communication
description: Communication controller
product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 16
bus info: pci@0000:00:16.0
version: 04
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=mei_me latency=0
resources: irq:30 memory:f700a000-f700a00f
*-usb:0
description: USB controller
product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #2
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1a
bus info: pci@0000:00:1a.0
version: 05
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm debug ehci bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=ehci-pci latency=0
resources: irq:16 memory:f7008000-f70083ff
*-usbhost
product: EHCI Host Controller
vendor: Linux 4.15.0-20-generic ehci_hcd
physical id: 1
bus info: usb@1
logical name: usb1
version: 4.15
capabilities: usb-2.00
configuration: driver=hub slots=2 speed=480Mbit/s
*-usb
description: USB hub
product: Integrated Rate Matching Hub
vendor: Intel Corp.
physical id: 1
bus info: usb@1:1
version: 0.00
capabilities: usb-2.00
configuration: driver=hub slots=6 speed=480Mbit/s
*-usb:0
description: Video
product: USB2.0 UVC 1.3M Webcam
vendor: Generic
physical id: 1
bus info: usb@1:1.1
version: 1.05
serial: 200901010001
capabilities: usb-2.00
configuration: driver=uvcvideo maxpower=500mA speed=480Mbit/s
*-usb:1
description: Bluetooth wireless interface
product: AR3011 Bluetooth
vendor: Atheros Communications, Inc.
physical id: 2
bus info: usb@1:1.2
version: 0.01
capabilities: bluetooth usb-1.10
configuration: driver=btusb maxpower=100mA speed=12Mbit/s
*-multimedia
description: Audio device
product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1b
bus info: pci@0000:00:1b.0
version: 05
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=0
resources: irq:31 memory:f7000000-f7003fff
*-pci:1
description: PCI bridge
product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 1
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1c
bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.0
version: b5
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:16 ioport:c000(size=4096) memory:f6600000-f6ffffff ioport:e4200000(size=10485760)
*-pci:2
description: PCI bridge
product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 2
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1c.1
bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.1
version: b5
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:17 ioport:b000(size=4096) memory:f5c00000-f65fffff ioport:e3700000(size=10485760)
*-network
description: Wireless interface
product: AR9285 Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express)
vendor: Qualcomm Atheros
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0
logical name: wlp3s0
version: 01
serial: 74:2f:68:de:25:ac
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless
configuration: broadcast=yes driver=ath9k driverversion=4.15.0-20-generic firmware=N/A ip=192.168.43.221 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11
resources: irq:17 memory:f5c00000-f5c0ffff
*-pci:3
description: PCI bridge
product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 4
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1c.3
bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.3
version: b5
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:19 ioport:a000(size=4096) memory:f5200000-f5bfffff ioport:e2c00000(size=10485760)
*-usb
description: USB controller
product: uPD720200 USB 3.0 Host Controller
vendor: NEC Corporation
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:04:00.0
version: 04
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi msix pciexpress xhci bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=xhci_hcd latency=0
resources: irq:19 memory:f5200000-f5201fff
*-usbhost:0
product: xHCI Host Controller
vendor: Linux 4.15.0-20-generic xhci-hcd
physical id: 0
bus info: usb@3
logical name: usb3
version: 4.15
capabilities: usb-2.00
configuration: driver=hub slots=2 speed=480Mbit/s
*-usb
description: Keyboard
product: USB Receiver
vendor: Logitech
physical id: 1
bus info: usb@3:1
version: 15.00
capabilities: usb-2.00
configuration: driver=usbhid maxpower=98mA speed=12Mbit/s
*-usbhost:1
product: xHCI Host Controller
vendor: Linux 4.15.0-20-generic xhci-hcd
physical id: 1
bus info: usb@4
logical name: usb4
version: 4.15
capabilities: usb-3.00
configuration: driver=hub slots=2 speed=5000Mbit/s
*-pci:4
description: PCI bridge
product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 6
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1c.5
bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.5
version: b5
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:17 ioport:9000(size=4096) memory:f4800000-f51fffff ioport:e2100000(size=10485760)
*-network
description: Ethernet interface
product: AR8151 v2.0 Gigabit Ethernet
vendor: Qualcomm Atheros
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:05:00.0
logical name: enp5s0
version: c0
serial: 00:e0:00:c0:d7:c2
capacity: 1Gbit/s
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=atl1c driverversion=1.0.1.1-NAPI latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=twisted pair
resources: irq:32 memory:f4800000-f483ffff ioport:9000(size=128)
*-usb:1
description: USB controller
product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #1
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1d
bus info: pci@0000:00:1d.0
version: 05
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm debug ehci bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=ehci-pci latency=0
resources: irq:23 memory:f7007000-f70073ff
*-usbhost
product: EHCI Host Controller
vendor: Linux 4.15.0-20-generic ehci_hcd
physical id: 1
bus info: usb@2
logical name: usb2
version: 4.15
capabilities: usb-2.00
configuration: driver=hub slots=2 speed=480Mbit/s
*-usb
description: USB hub
product: Integrated Rate Matching Hub
vendor: Intel Corp.
physical id: 1
bus info: usb@2:1
version: 0.00
capabilities: usb-2.00
configuration: driver=hub slots=6 speed=480Mbit/s
*-isa
description: ISA bridge
product: HM65 Express Chipset Family LPC Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.0
version: 05
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: isa bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=lpc_ich latency=0
resources: irq:0
*-storage
description: SATA controller
product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family 6 port SATA AHCI Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f.2
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.2
version: 05
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
capabilities: storage msi pm ahci_1.0 bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=ahci latency=0
resources: irq:29 ioport:e0b0(size=8) ioport:e0a0(size=4) ioport:e090(size=8) ioport:e080(size=4) ioport:e060(size=32) memory:f7006000-f70067ff
*-serial UNCLAIMED
description: SMBus
product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family SMBus Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f.3
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.3
version: 05
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
configuration: latency=0
resources: memory:f7005000-f70050ff ioport:e040(size=32)
*-scsi:0
physical id: 1
logical name: scsi0
capabilities: emulated
*-disk
description: ATA Disk
product: TOSHIBA MK5059GS
vendor: Toshiba
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sda
version: 1A
serial: 42P4Y3AYF
size: 465GiB (500GB)
capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos
configuration: ansiversion=5 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=4096 signature=335c3906
*-volume:0
description: Windows NTFS volume
physical id: 1
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,1
logical name: /dev/sda1
version: 3.1
serial: 3ac7a052-b69e-8a40-aa5f-dd5713d973d5
size: 116GiB
capacity: 116GiB
capabilities: primary bootable ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2018-03-23 18:52:49 filesystem=ntfs state=clean
*-volume:1
description: Extended partition
physical id: 2
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,2
logical name: /dev/sda2
size: 349GiB
capacity: 349GiB
capabilities: primary extended partitioned partitioned:extended
*-logicalvolume:0
description: Windows NTFS volume
physical id: 5
logical name: /dev/sda5
version: 3.1
serial: d49dd963-c29f-b747-8f23-9302e95feabc
size: 115GiB
capacity: 115GiB
capabilities: ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2013-07-11 20:48:40 filesystem=ntfs state=clean
*-logicalvolume:1
description: Windows NTFS volume
physical id: 6
logical name: /dev/sda6
version: 3.1
serial: 9660e75a-32a3-1943-82e9-58068b0fb223
size: 116GiB
capacity: 116GiB
capabilities: ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2014-03-29 09:42:17 filesystem=ntfs state=clean
*-logicalvolume:2
description: Windows NTFS volume
physical id: 7
logical name: /dev/sda7
version: 3.1
serial: d081259c-31bb-3a40-954b-1ddcda463abe
size: 68GiB
capacity: 68GiB
capabilities: ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2016-03-04 12:48:18 filesystem=ntfs state=clean
*-logicalvolume:3
description: EXT4 volume
vendor: Linux
physical id: 8
logical name: /dev/sda8
logical name: /
version: 1.0
serial: 5141c50c-145c-4780-80b2-fbd730da6359
size: 48GiB
capacity: 48GiB
capabilities: journaled extended_attributes large_files huge_files dir_nlink recover 64bit extents ext4 ext2 initialized
configuration: created=2018-05-02 10:55:31 filesystem=ext4 lastmountpoint=/ modified=2018-05-07 10:16:49 mount.fstype=ext4 mount.options=rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered mounted=2018-05-07 10:16:53 state=mounted
*-scsi:1
physical id: 2
logical name: scsi1
capabilities: emulated
*-cdrom
description: DVD-RAM writer
product: DVD A DS8A5S
vendor: Slimtype
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/cdrom
logical name: /dev/cdrw
logical name: /dev/dvd
logical name: /dev/dvdrw
logical name: /dev/sr0
version: WP57
capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram
configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc
stem hardware information:-