在我的环境中，我有 2 台 MAC Mini、一台 Windows10 机器和 Ubuntu 20.04 LTS。在 MAC mini 上，我运行 SuperDuper 在外部硬盘上创建可启动克隆。在 Ubuntu 上可以做同样的事情吗？我看到了之前对此的回答，但它涉及许多步骤，需要摆弄 dd、/etc/fstab 和 grub，而且已经有好几年了。有没有新的更好的方法？我考虑过 Clonezilla，但它的网页上没有明确说明它会创建可启动克隆。我希望我的 Ubuntu 机器解决方案能够像 SuperDuper 对我的 MAC 那样工作。
答案1
我的第一个答案不是一般意义上的克隆系统。我已成功克隆所有内容并使其可启动。（这适用于 EFI|UEFI，包括 Mac，而不是 MBR 启动。）
设备配置：
mac2011-linux% lsblk -f|grep -v loop
NAME FSTYPE FSVER LABEL UUID FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 vfat FAT32 EFI 67E3-17ED 172.8M 12% /boot/efi
├─sda2 hfsplus SSD 1T 0492d65c-8b14-356a-9d3d-337f44e8d58a
├─sda3 hfsplus Recovery HD 87867aee-1d5c-3c9e-ae36-8d2df5c162f1
└─sda4 ext4 1.0 dc68435c-f80c-4beb-a09b-69015ad516e6 161.5G 60% /
sdb
├─sdb1 vfat FAT32 EFI B4A1-A82A 172.8M 12% /media/alba/EFI
├─sdb2 ext4 1.0 Ubuntu backup e370d38b-7cdf-4a2a-b9e5-cc4ff1723f51 165G 59% /media/alba/Ubun
├─sdb4 hfsplus Mac OS X El Capitan 3771b656-357f-3ac4-a993-704353fc89b7
└─sdb5 hfsplus Recovery HD 1925d052-aca6-307a-8025-ad6321a399f4
检查以上四个分区是否都已安装，如有必要请安装它们（使用 Ubuntu 磁盘）。
sdb2（Ubuntu 备份）是 Ubuntu 系统和用户文件的预期克隆，简称根分区。作为sdb外部设备，sdb2默认挂载为/media/alba/Ubuntu backup。 sdb1是 EFI 系统分区的预期克隆，挂载为/media/alba/EFI。
每个分区必须具有不同的 UUID。FAT 分区的 UUID 只能通过格式化来更改。克隆分区应足够大，以包含原始分区的所有文件。
克隆根分区：
sudo rsync --archive --executability --hard-links --update --verbose --xattrs --one-file-system --delete --progress --exclude={/etc/fstab,/boot/grub/grub.cfg,/export,/home/alba/.cache,"/dev/*","/proc/*","/sys/*","/tmp/*","/run/*","/mnt/*","/media/*",/lost+found} / /media/alba/Ubuntu\ backup
etc.的内容/dev不需要复制，因为它们没有用，或者不应该复制，因为 Ubuntu 创建了它们。但是，如果/devetc. 不存在，Ubuntu 将无法启动，因此只有/dev/*not /devetc. 被排除。
我还排除了/export配置中的 NFS 挂载。不排除/export可能会导致重复。
从原始版本复制/etc/fstab到克隆版本：
mac2011-linux% sudo cp /etc/fstab /media/alba/Ubuntu\ backup/etc/fstab
在 中/media/alba/Ubuntu\ backup/etc/fstab，用上面设备配置中找到的 UUID 替换原始根和 EFI 系统分区 UUID，以便：
mac2011-linux% sudo cat /media/alba/Ubuntu\ backup/etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda4 during installation
UUID=e370d38b-7cdf-4a2a-b9e5-cc4ff1723f51 / ext4 errors=remount
-ro 0 1
# /boot/efi was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=B4A1-A82A /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 1
/swapfile none swap sw
0 0
复制EFI系统分区：
mac2011-linux% sudo -i
root@mac2011-linux:~# cp -r /boot/efi/* /media/alba/EFI
编辑/media/alba/EFI/EFI/ubuntu/grub.cfg以定义根分区，以便：
root@mac2011-linux:~# cat /media/alba/EFI/EFI/ubuntu/grub.cfg
search.fs_uuid e370d38b-7cdf-4a2a-b9e5-cc4ff1723f51 root hd1,gpt2
set prefix=($root)'/boot/grub'
configfile $prefix/grub.cfg
GRUB 中的分区号与 Ubuntu 中的相同。
从原始文件复制到克隆文件/boot/grub/grub.cfg（就像对 所做的那样/etc/fstab）并使其可写：
root@mac2011-linux:~# chmod +w /media/alba/Ubuntu\ backup/boot/grub/grub.cfg
gpt4用克隆根分区 UUID替换所有位置gpt2并使用原始根分区 UUID。
重置权限：
root@mac2011-linux:~# chmod -w /media/alba/Ubuntu\ backup/boot/grub/grub.cfg
重启，在固件启动菜单中选择克隆 EFI。如果你没有犯错，那么 GRUB 将启动 Ubuntu，否则它会提示。
评论
我已在 GRUB shell 中检查过，hd0中使用的GRUB 设备号/boot/grub/grub.cfg与 无关/dev/sdb?。 无需对其进行编辑。
我建议在启动克隆时至少断开一次原始分区，以确保克隆可以自行启动。如果您不想打开计算机机箱，您可以检查克隆启动后是否可以卸载原始分区。
update-grub是不需要的，但是一旦您在克隆上启动，您就可以更新 GRUB 并在克隆上重新启动以检查克隆是否仍然可启动。
使用--delete-excludedinrsync将会消除/media/alba/Ubuntu\ backup/etc/fstab和的编辑/media/alba/Ubuntu\ backup/boot/grub/grub.cfg。
在Bash 脚本用于将 Ubuntu 备份/克隆到另一个分区是一个可以完成类似任务的脚本。
最好先手动克隆，以便了解和检查每个步骤，然后根据系统特点编写脚本。
如果原始文件发生变化，则应重新复制和编辑/etc/fstab以及EFI 系统分区。系统更新期间会发生这种情况。/boot/grub/grub.cfg
参考书目或参考文献
答案2
创建必要的分区，设置标签并在连接两个设备的情况下运行脚本。
#!/bin/zsh
# automates the method explained in
# https://askubuntu.com/questions/1267225/how-to-create-a-bootable-clone-of-boot-disk/1327623#1327623
# USE CAREFULLY, THIS IS INTRINSICALLY DANGEROUS SOFTWARE
# Pierre ALBARÈDE 2021/4/24
# tested with Ubuntu 20.10
# Assumptions:
# - /boot is not on a separate partition.
# - root partition has label $UbuntuLabel and the first partition on the same device is the EFI system partition,
# - root partition backup has label $UbuntuBackupLabel and the first partition on the same device is available for the EFI system partition backup,
# - device names are like sd[a-z].
# To do:
# - pick and exclude duplicate mount (e. g. for NFS) from /etc/fstab to avoid overfilling the backup device,
# -check that backup volume partition sizes are enough.
# --- begin config
UbuntuLabel='Ubuntu'
UbuntuBackupLabel='Ubuntu backup'
logfile="rsync.log"
# excluded from rsync
# /swapfile can be big and transfering it is a waste of time,
# not having a swapfile backup makes some errors at boot and shutdown.
# excludedByUser='/export,"/home/*/.cache",/swapfile,$logfile'
excludedByUser='/export,"/home/*/.cache",$logfile'
# --- end config
# Partition attributes are named as in
# % lsblk -PO /dev/sda1
# [filtered]
# NAME="sda1" PATH="/dev/sda1" FSTYPE="vfat" FSUSED="24.1M" FSUSE%="12%" FSVER="FAT32" MOUNTPOINT="/boot/efi" LABEL="EFI" UUID="67E3-17ED" PTUUID="b5ca7ab4-d564-49a1-a43b-d9125d4dcbab" PTTYPE="gpt" PARTTYPE="c12a7328-f81f-11d2-ba4b-00a0c93ec93b" PARTTYPENAME="EFI System" PARTLABEL="EFI System Partition" PARTUUID="05bdacf6-78ff-451d-8c4d-bb812fd68e83" PKNAME="sda"
# Many attributes look similar, I use LABEL and UUID, not PARTLABEL and PTUUID, PARTUUID.
alias lsblkn='lsblk -n'
#########
# TESTS #
#########
# Are all UUIDs distinct?
[[ -n $(lsblkn -o UUID|grep '\S'|sort|uniq --repeated) ]]&&{echo "Error: not all UUIDs are distinct. Did you use dd?";exit 1}
# Does only one partition exists with LABEL $UbuntuLabel?
[[ $(lsblkn -o LABEL|grep -x $UbuntuLabel|wc -l) != 1 ]]&&{echo "Error: $UbuntuLabel is not unique.";exit 1}
# Does only one partition exists with LABEL $UbuntuBackupLabel?
[[ $(lsblkn -o LABEL|grep -x $UbuntuBackupLabel|wc -l) != 1 ]]&&{echo "Error: $UbuntuBackupLabel is not unique.";exit 1}
#######################################
# DETERMINE PARTITION PATHS AND UUIDS #
#######################################
# paths for mount
# UUIDs for (display and) replacement in config files
# blkid (or findfs) finds only one occurrence, that is why I have checked unicity
UbuntuPath=$(blkid --label $UbuntuLabel)
UbuntuBackupPath=$(blkid --label $UbuntuBackupLabel)
devicePath=/dev/$(lsblkn -o PKNAME $UbuntuPath)
deviceBackupPath=/dev/$(lsblkn -o PKNAME $UbuntuBackupPath)
UbuntuUUID=$(lsblkn -o UUID $UbuntuPath)
echo "Ubuntu partition UUID: $UbuntuUUID"
# EFI is always first partition with number 1
EFIPath="$devicePath"1
EFIUUID=$(lsblkn -o UUID $EFIPath)
echo "EFI system partition UUID: $EFIUUID"
UbuntuBackupUUID=$(lsblkn -o UUID $UbuntuBackupPath)
echo "Ubuntu backup partition UUID: $UbuntuBackupUUID"
EFIBackupPath="$deviceBackupPath"1
EFIBackupUUID=$(lsblkn -o UUID $EFIBackupPath)
echo "EFI system partition backup UUID: $EFIBackupUUID"
# determine GRUB partition number from Ubuntu partition name
# on original
UbuntuGpt=$(echo $UbuntuPath|sed "s/\/dev\/sd[a-z]/gpt/")
# on backup
UbuntuBackupGpt=$(echo $UbuntuBackupPath|sed "s/\/dev\/sd[a-z]/gpt/")
# I don't know how to determine GRUB device number but it does not matter so it is not changed (it is 0).
#########
# mount #
#########
# If we are here, Ubuntu must be mounted.
[[ -z $(findmnt $EFIPath) ]]&&{echo "Mounting EFI system partition.";udisksctl mount --block-device $EFIPath}
[[ -z $(findmnt $UbuntuBackupPath) ]]&&{echo "Mounting Ubuntu backup partition.";udisksctl mount --block-device $UbuntuBackupPath}
[[ -z $(findmnt $EFIBackupPath) ]]&&{echo "Mounting EFI system partition backup.";udisksctl mount --block-device $EFIBackupPath}
# All 4 partition are now mounted.
# determine destination mountpoints
# UbuntuBackupMountPoint should normally be /media/$USER/$UbuntuBackupLabel
UbuntuBackupMountPoint=$(lsblkn -o MOUNTPOINT "$UbuntuBackupPath")
EFIBackupMountPoint=$(lsblkn -o MOUNTPOINT "$deviceBackupPath"1)
echo "You are going to backup to:"
echo $UbuntuBackupMountPoint
echo $EFIBackupMountPoint
read -q "REPLY?Confirm by typing y?"
[[ $REPLY != 'y' ]]&&{echo "\nExiting without file change.";exit 0}
echo "\nProceeding with rsync."
##########
# BACKUP #
##########
# rsync would not transfer /etc/fstab and /boot/grub/grub.cfg and /media/$USER/EFI/EFI/ubuntu/grub.cfg after their backups have been edited and given a more recent date so I erase the backups. One could also cheat the modification time.
sudo rm $UbuntuBackupMountPoint{/etc/fstab,/boot/grub/grub.cfg}
sudo rm $EFIBackupMountPoint/EFI/ubuntu/grub.cfg
# Backup root partition, including /etc/fstab /boot/grub/grub.cfg.
# --archive = -rlptgoD
# --recursive, -r recurse into directories
# --links, -l copy symlinks as symlinks
# --perms, -p preserve permissions
# --times, -t preserve modification times
# --owner, -o preserve owner (super-user only)
# --group, -g preserve group
# -D < equivalent to --devices --specials
# --devices preserve device files (super-user only)
# To debug, replace "rsync" by "echo" or use '--dry-run.
# Single quotes prevent eval to remove double quote around "/dev/*" and split words in '$UbuntuBackupLabel'.
eval sudo rsync --log-file=$logfile --archive --no-D --executability --hard-links --update --verbose --xattrs --one-file-system --delete --progress --exclude={$excludedByUser} --exclude={'"/dev/*"','"/proc/*"','"/sys/*"','"/tmp/*"','"/run/*"','"/mnt/*"','"/media/*"','"/lost+found/*"',$logfile} --delete-excluded / '$UbuntuBackupMountPoint'
# backup the EFI system partition
sudo rsync --recursive --times --delete /boot/efi/ $EFIBackupMountPoint
###############
# EDIT BACKUP #
###############
sudo sed -i "s/$EFIUUID/$EFIBackupUUID/g;s/$UbuntuUUID/$UbuntuBackupUUID/g" $UbuntuBackupMountPoint/etc/fstab
grubcfg=$UbuntuBackupMountPoint/boot/grub/grub.cfg
sudo chmod +w $grubcfg
sudo sed -i "s/$UbuntuUUID/$UbuntuBackupUUID/g;s/$UbuntuGpt/$UbuntuBackupGpt/g" $grubcfg
sudo chmod -w $grubcfg
# set root UUID in EFI
sed -i "s/$UbuntuUUID/$UbuntuBackupUUID/;s/$UbuntuGpt/$UbuntuBackupGpt/" $EFIBackupMountPoint/EFI/ubuntu/grub.cfg
exit 0
答案3
对于 cloenzilla，请检查目标驱动器/分区是否已格式化。然后在 Clonezilla 中选择专家模式并启用“-icds”选项。您还需要选择“按比例调整分区表大小”选项。如果您关闭、拔下电缆、重新启动、等待然后重新连接外部设备，您的外部设备应该会恢复。输入“lsblk”以确认它在那里。
答案4
我不知道您是否有一个大的备份磁盘，但如果有，您可以使用 GNOME 磁盘通过 ISO 进行复制。
步骤 1：在备份磁盘上创建磁盘映像
步骤 2：在新磁盘上恢复磁盘映像
我希望这有帮助