所以声音曾经在我的 Linux 发行版中工作。我使用 Qubes 操作系统、Tails 和 Fedora。所有曾经都有声音，但由于某种原因失去了声音，即使在重新安装后也是如此。 Qubes OS 中的 Pavucontrol 为我提供了“虚拟输出”作为唯一的输出设备。 Tails 的声音管理器给了我同样的错误。最初，在我重置 BIOS 配置之前，它给了我一个 HDMI Unplugged 错误。我知道你们喜欢终端输出，所以这里有一些。以下命令在基于 debian 的 Tails 内部运行：
amnesia@amnesia:~$ speaker-test
speaker-test 1.1.3
Playback device is default
Stream parameters are 48000Hz, S16_LE, 1 channels
Using 16 octaves of pink noise
Rate set to 48000Hz (requested 48000Hz)
Buffer size range from 192 to 2097152
Period size range from 64 to 699051
Using max buffer size 2097152
Periods = 4
was set period_size = 524288
was set buffer_size = 2097152
0 - Front Left
^Z
[2]+ Stopped speaker-test
另一个命令：
amnesia@amnesia:~$ ps -C pulseaudio
PID TTY TIME CMD
7801 ? 00:00:00 pulseaudio
8678 ? 00:00:00 pulseaudio
还有一件事：
amnesia@amnesia:~$ aplay -l
**** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices ****
card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 3: HDMI 0 [HDMI 0]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 7: HDMI 1 [HDMI 1]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 8: HDMI 2 [HDMI 2]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
这是我的硬件信息：
amnesia@amnesia:~$ lscpu
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 4
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3
Thread(s) per core: 2
Core(s) per socket: 2
Socket(s): 1
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
CPU family: 6
Model: 78
Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-6200U CPU @ 2.30GHz
Stepping: 3
CPU MHz: 625.634
CPU max MHz: 2800.0000
CPU min MHz: 400.0000
BogoMIPS: 4800.00
Virtualization: VT-x
L1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32K
L2 cache: 256K
L3 cache: 3072K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
Flags: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc art arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch epb intel_pt tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid mpx rdseed adx smap clflushopt xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves dtherm ida arat pln pts hwp hwp_notify hwp_act_window hwp_epp
dmesg输出转储：
https://pastebin.com/NF8yE8u0
lspci 输出：
amnesia@amnesia:~$ (lspci -nn | grep -i audio)
00:1f.3 Audio device [0403]: Intel Corporation Sunrise Point-LP HD Audio [8086:9d70] (rev 21)
lsusb 输出：
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8086:0a66 Intel Corp.
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 2a94:5241
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTS5129 Card Reader Controller
Bus 001 Device 006: ID 1058:0740 Western Digital Technologies, Inc. My Passport Essential (WDBACY)
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 048d:1176 Integrated Technology Express, Inc.
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
其他信息：这是一台笔记本电脑。内置扬声器无声音，未检测到耳机且不输出声音。
根据我从研究中收集到的信息，我的操作系统无法识别我的声卡，但奇怪的是，三个发行版都发生这种情况。我很乐意听取大家的建议。