我有一台笔记本电脑（型号：SATELLITE C55DT-A5244），想找一个 16GB RAM 来替换其中的 4GB RAM。
我如何从 Lubuntu 18.04 中找出适用于笔记本电脑的 RAM 规格要求？lshw下面的输出是否足够？
新 RAM 必须满足哪些规格？容量、频率、延迟等等？
谢谢。
$ sudo lshw
lubuntu
description: Notebook
product: Satellite C55Dt-A (PSCFWU)
vendor: TOSHIBA
version: PSCFWU-00X005
serial:
width: 64 bits
capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 smp vsyscall32
configuration: boot=normal chassis=notebook family=Durban Curiosity 10AN sku=PSCFWU uuid=CD932420-D25D-11E2-B47A-008CFA609299
*-core
description: Motherboard
product: Portable PC
vendor: TOSHIBA
physical id: 0
version: MP
serial: 1
slot: Base Board Chassis Location
*-firmware
description: BIOS
vendor: Insyde Corp.
physical id: 0
version: 1.80
date: 01/27/2014
size: 128KiB
capacity: 4032KiB
capabilities: pci pnp upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd int9keyboard int10video acpi usb agp smartbattery biosbootspecification netboot uefi
*-cpu
description: CPU
product: AMD A4-5000 APU with Radeon(TM) HD Graphics
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD]
physical id: 4
bus info: cpu@0
version: AMD A4-5000 APU with Radeon(TM) HD Graphics
serial: NotSupport
slot: Socket FT1
size: 874MHz
capacity: 1500MHz
width: 64 bits
clock: 100MHz
capabilities: x86-64 fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp constant_tsc rep_good nopl nonstop_tsc cpuid extd_apicid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 cx16 sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm extapic cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw ibs skinit wdt topoext perfctr_nb bpext perfctr_llc hw_pstate proc_feedback vmmcall bmi1 xsaveopt arat npt lbrv svm_lock nrip_save tsc_scale flushbyasid decodeassists pausefilter pfthreshold overflow_recov cpufreq
configuration: cores=4 enabledcores=4 threads=4
*-cache:0
description: L1 cache
physical id: 8
slot: L1 Cache
size: 256KiB
capacity: 256KiB
clock: 1GHz (1.0ns)
capabilities: pipeline-burst internal write-back unified
configuration: level=1
*-cache:1
description: L2 cache
physical id: 9
slot: L2 Cache
size: 2MiB
capacity: 2MiB
clock: 1GHz (1.0ns)
capabilities: pipeline-burst internal write-back unified
configuration: level=2
*-memory
description: System Memory
physical id: d
slot: System board or motherboard
size: 4GiB
*-bank:0
description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous Unbuffered (Unregistered) 533 MHz (1.9 ns)
product: M471B5673FH0-CF8
vendor: Samsung
physical id: 0
serial:
slot: DIMM 0
size: 2GiB
width: 64 bits
clock: 533MHz (1.9ns)
*-bank:1
description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous Unbuffered (Unregistered) 800 MHz (1.2 ns)
product: M471B5773CHS-CK0
vendor: Samsung
physical id: 1
serial:
slot: DIMM 1
size: 2GiB
width: 64 bits
clock: 800MHz (1.2ns)
*-pci:0
description: Host bridge
product: Family 16h Processor Root Complex
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 100
bus info: pci@0000:00:00.0
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
*-display
description: VGA compatible controller
product: Kabini [Radeon HD 8330]
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI]
physical id: 1
bus info: pci@0000:00:01.0
version: 00
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm pciexpress msi vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom
configuration: driver=radeon latency=0
resources: irq:35 memory:e0000000-efffffff memory:f2000000-f27fffff ioport:4000(size=256) memory:f2900000-f293ffff memory:c0000-dffff
*-multimedia:0
description: Audio device
product: Kabini HDMI/DP Audio
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI]
physical id: 1.1
bus info: pci@0000:00:01.1
version: 00
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm pciexpress msi bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=0
resources: irq:37 memory:f2940000-f2943fff
*-pci:0
description: PCI bridge
product: Family 16h Processor Functions 5:1
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 2.2
bus info: pci@0000:00:02.2
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pm pciexpress msi ht normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:24 ioport:3000(size=4096) memory:f1000000-f1ffffff ioport:f0000000(size=16777216)
*-network
description: Ethernet interface
product: RTL8101/2/6E PCI Express Fast/Gigabit Ethernet controller
vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:01:00.0
logical name: enp1s0
version: 07
serial:
size: 10Mbit/s
capacity: 100Mbit/s
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation
configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=half firmware=rtl8106e-1_0.0.1 06/29/12 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=MII speed=10Mbit/s
resources: irq:32 ioport:3000(size=256) memory:f1000000-f1000fff memory:f0000000-f0003fff
*-pci:1
description: PCI bridge
product: Family 16h Processor Functions 5:1
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 2.3
bus info: pci@0000:00:02.3
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pm pciexpress msi ht normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:25 ioport:2000(size=4096) memory:f2800000-f28fffff
*-network
description: Wireless interface
product: RTL8188EE Wireless Network Adapter
vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:05:00.0
logical name: wlp5s0
version: 01
serial:
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless
configuration: broadcast=yes driver=rtl8188ee driverversion=4.15.0-20-generic firmware=N/A ip=192.168.1.95 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11
resources: irq:40 ioport:2000(size=256) memory:f2800000-f2803fff
*-usb:0
description: USB controller
product: FCH USB XHCI Controller
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 10
bus info: pci@0000:00:10.0
version: 01
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi msix pciexpress xhci bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=xhci_hcd latency=0
resources: irq:18 memory:f2948000-f2949fff
*-storage
description: SATA controller
product: FCH SATA Controller [AHCI mode]
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 11
bus info: pci@0000:00:11.0
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
capabilities: storage pm msi ahci_1.0 bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=ahci latency=64
resources: irq:33 ioport:4118(size=8) ioport:4124(size=4) ioport:4110(size=8) ioport:4120(size=4) ioport:4100(size=16) memory:f294e000-f294e3ff
*-usb:1
description: USB controller
product: FCH USB OHCI Controller
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 12
bus info: pci@0000:00:12.0
version: 39
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
capabilities: ohci bus_master
configuration: driver=ohci-pci latency=32
resources: irq:18 memory:f294d000-f294dfff
*-usb:2
description: USB controller
product: FCH USB EHCI Controller
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 12.2
bus info: pci@0000:00:12.2
version: 39
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
capabilities: pm debug ehci bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=ehci-pci latency=32
resources: irq:17 memory:f294c000-f294c0ff
*-usb:3
description: USB controller
product: FCH USB OHCI Controller
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 13
bus info: pci@0000:00:13.0
version: 39
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
capabilities: ohci bus_master
configuration: driver=ohci-pci latency=32
resources: irq:18 memory:f294b000-f294bfff
*-usb:4
description: USB controller
product: FCH USB EHCI Controller
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 13.2
bus info: pci@0000:00:13.2
version: 39
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
capabilities: pm debug ehci bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=ehci-pci latency=32
resources: irq:17 memory:f294a000-f294a0ff
*-serial UNCLAIMED
description: SMBus
product: FCH SMBus Controller
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 14
bus info: pci@0000:00:14.0
version: 3a
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
configuration: latency=0
*-multimedia:1
description: Audio device
product: FCH Azalia Controller
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 14.2
bus info: pci@0000:00:14.2
version: 02
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=32
resources: irq:38 memory:f2944000-f2947fff
*-isa
description: ISA bridge
product: FCH LPC Bridge
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 14.3
bus info: pci@0000:00:14.3
version: 11
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
capabilities: isa bus_master
configuration: latency=0
*-pci:1
description: Host bridge
product: Family 16h Processor Function 0
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 101
bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
*-pci:2
description: Host bridge
product: Family 16h Processor Function 0
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 102
bus info: pci@0000:00:18.0
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
*-pci:3
description: Host bridge
product: Family 16h Processor Function 1
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 103
bus info: pci@0000:00:18.1
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
*-pci:4
description: Host bridge
product: Family 16h Processor Function 2
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 104
bus info: pci@0000:00:18.2
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
*-pci:5
description: Host bridge
product: Family 16h Processor Function 3
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 105
bus info: pci@0000:00:18.3
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
configuration: driver=k10temp
resources: irq:0
*-pci:6
description: Host bridge
product: Family 16h Processor Function 4
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 106
bus info: pci@0000:00:18.4
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
configuration: driver=fam15h_power
resources: irq:0
*-pci:7
description: Host bridge
product: Family 16h Processor Function 5
vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD]
physical id: 107
bus info: pci@0000:00:18.5
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
*-scsi:0
physical id: 1
logical name: scsi0
capabilities: emulated
*-disk
description: ATA Disk
product: TOSHIBA MQ01ABF0
vendor: Toshiba
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sda
version: 3M
serial:
size: 465GiB (500GB)
capabilities: gpt-1.00 partitioned partitioned:gpt
configuration: ansiversion=5 guid=b3b8c372-58cc-4b4f-8586-b1ccd8d87fc4 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512
*-volume:0
description: Windows NTFS volume
vendor: Windows
physical id: 1
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,1
logical name: /dev/sda1
version: 3.1
serial:
size: 1022MiB
capacity: 1023MiB
capabilities: boot precious readonly hidden nomount ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2013-05-02 21:30:19 filesystem=ntfs label=System modified_by_chkdsk=true mounted_on_nt4=true name=Basic data partition resize_log_file=true state=dirty upgrade_on_mount=true
*-volume:1
description: Windows FAT volume
vendor: MSDOS5.0
physical id: 2
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,2
logical name: /dev/sda2
version: FAT32
serial:
size: 255MiB
capacity: 259MiB
capabilities: boot precious readonly hidden nomount fat initialized
configuration: FATs=2 filesystem=fat name=Basic data partition
*-volume:2
description: Windows NTFS volume
vendor: Windows
physical id: 3
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,3
logical name: /dev/sda3
version: 3.1
serial:
size: 122MiB
capacity: 127MiB
capabilities: nofs precious readonly hidden nomount ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2013-05-02 21:30:23 filesystem=ntfs modified_by_chkdsk=true mounted_on_nt4=true name=Basic data partition resize_log_file=true state=dirty upgrade_on_mount=true
*-volume:3
description: Windows NTFS volume
vendor: Windows
physical id: 4
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,4
logical name: /dev/sda4
logical name: /media/lubuntu/TI10664800G
version: 3.1
serial:
size: 226GiB
capacity: 226GiB
capabilities: ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2013-05-02 21:30:26 filesystem=ntfs label=TI10664800G mount.fstype=fuseblk mount.options=rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096 name=Basic data partition state=mounted
*-volume:4
description: Windows NTFS volume
vendor: Windows
physical id: 5
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,5
logical name: /dev/sda5
version: 3.1
serial:
size: 325MiB
capacity: 349MiB
capabilities: boot precious readonly hidden nomount ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2013-11-05 08:04:12 filesystem=ntfs modified_by_chkdsk=true mounted_on_nt4=true resize_log_file=true state=dirty upgrade_on_mount=true
*-volume:5
description: Windows NTFS volume
vendor: Windows
physical id: 6
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,6
logical name: /dev/sda6
logical name: /media/lubuntu/New Volume
version: 3.1
serial:
size: 226GiB
capacity: 226GiB
capabilities: ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2013-08-25 01:12:31 filesystem=ntfs label=New Volume modified_by_chkdsk=true mount.fstype=fuseblk mount.options=rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096 mounted_on_nt4=true name=Basic data partition resize_log_file=true state=mounted upgrade_on_mount=true
*-volume:6
description: Windows NTFS volume
vendor: Windows
physical id: 7
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,7
logical name: /dev/sda7
version: 3.1
serial:
size: 11GiB
capacity: 11GiB
capabilities: boot precious readonly hidden nomount ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2013-06-15 07:37:53 filesystem=ntfs label=Recovery name=Basic data partition state=clean
*-scsi:1
physical id: 2
logical name: scsi1
capabilities: emulated
*-cdrom
description: DVD-RAM writer
product: CDDVDW SU-208DB
vendor: TSSTcorp
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/cdrom
logical name: /dev/cdrw
logical name: /dev/dvd
logical name: /dev/dvdrw
logical name: /dev/sr0
version: TF01
capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram
configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc
*-scsi:2
physical id: 3
bus info: usb@5:1
logical name: scsi2
capabilities: emulated scsi-host
configuration: driver=usb-storage
*-disk
description: SCSI Disk
product: UDisk
vendor: General
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@2:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sdb
logical name: /cdrom
version: 5.00
size: 3840MiB (4026MB)
capabilities: removable
configuration: ansiversion=2 logicalsectorsize=512 mount.fstype=iso9660 mount.options=ro,noatime,nojoliet,check=s,map=n,blocksize=2048 sectorsize=512 state=mounted
*-medium
physical id: 0
logical name: /dev/sdb
logical name: /cdrom
size: 3840MiB (4026MB)
capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos
configuration: mount.fstype=iso9660 mount.options=ro,noatime,nojoliet,check=s,map=n,blocksize=2048 signature=67e97428 state=mounted
*-volume
description: Windows FAT volume
vendor: mkfs.fat
physical id: 2
logical name: /dev/sdb2
version: FAT12
serial:
size: 15EiB
capabilities: primary boot fat initialized
configuration: FATs=2 filesystem=fat
答案1
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RAM 规格以及可用升级的定价可在以下位置找到：
https://www.crucial.com/usa/en/compatible-upgrade-for/Toshiba/satellite-c55dt-a5244
购买两根 8G 内存条大约需要 100 美元。
东芝详细规格如下：
https://support.toshiba.com/support/staticContentDetail?contentId=4001583&isFromTOCLink=false