（我阅读速度很慢，目前正在努力阅读通过搜索和/或 Google 找到的许多帖子。在阅读过程中，我将提出以下问题，希望有人能缩短我的阅读时间。）
问题：Ubuntu 16.04 无法在已安装 Windows 7 的双启动 Dell Precision m5510 上启动。
背景：
硬件：戴尔 Precision m5510 笔记本电脑；32GB RAM；1TB 三星 970 EVO+ NVMe SSD。当前配置为启动 UEFI/GPT，并禁用旧版 BIOS ROM。
系统之前在 Samsung 960 512GB NVMe SSD 上双启动了 Windows 7 Pro x64 和 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS（64 位） （注意：硬盘不是标准的 /dev/sdX 格式；类似于 //dev/nvme0n1[p1,p2,p3 等]。）之前的双启动可能已经BIOS/GPT 配置。
我升级到了三星 970 EVO 1TB NVMe SSD。这需要将旧的 512GB NVMe SSD 放入外部 USB 外壳中，使用相同的分区号和大小对新的 1TB NVMe 进行分区，然后使用“dd”将每个分区逐个复制到新的 NVMe SSD 上，同时从 USB 拇指驱动器启动到 SystemRescueCD（或类似程序）。
然后，如果记忆不错的话，我使用 EaseUS 或 Mini-Partition-Wizard 调整了分区大小。
一切完成后，我可以启动 Windows 7，但启动 Ubuntu 的任何选项都消失了。最初我认为我已经配置了 Grub，这样我就可以中断启动顺序并启动 Ubuntu，否则它会默认为 Windows（因为我大部分时间都在使用 Autodesk Civil3D/其他土地测量软件）。
我的 Ubuntu 分区大小与以前相同，我使用“dd”将内容从旧的 512GB NVMe SSD Ubuntu 分区复制到了新的分区，因此操作系统应该在那里。事实上，我已经在从实时 USB 启动时安装了它并四处查看。所以 Ubuntu 操作系统就在那里。
我尝试过启动修复、手动运行“grub-install /dev/nvme0n1”，以及简单地重新安装 Ubuntu，但都无济于事。启动修复和重新安装最终只会在窗口上出现一个旋转图标，启动修复或安装程序在经过几分钟的漫长等待后似乎没有响应。如果我没记错的话，在手动运行“grub-install”后，Windows 7 将无法再启动。我可能为 nvme 设备选择了错误的参数，指定了错误的分区等。
我目前没有分区信息。发布此帖后，我将从实时 USB 重新启动，获取分区信息并更新此帖子。
我不想重新安装 Ubuntu，原因很简单，我想节省重新安装我之前安装的所有其他软件包的时间（并且不记得它们到底是什么，所以我必须先弄清楚。）
有什么想法吗？如果您能发布一组简单的说明，那就太好了。或者链接到可以节省我大量阅读时间的帖子（我阅读速度很慢），我将不胜感激。
短暂性脑缺血。
编辑并添加：
[目前通过 Ubuntu 16.04 映像（在 Yumi 创建的 USB 拇指驱动器上）进行实时启动（UEFI 模式）。为什么有时会这么慢？Firefox 总是“超时/变灰/冻结”。如果它像硬盘一样使用闪存驱动器，我可以看到它……但是当从 USB 实时启动时，所有“驱动器”本质上不是 RAM 驱动器吗？这应该非常快？]
以下是现行系统的具体内容：
root@ubuntu:~# uname -a
Linux ubuntu 4.10.0-28-generic #32~16.04.2-Ubuntu SMP Thu Jul 20 10:19:48 UTC 2017 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
root@ubuntu:~# pwd
/root
root@ubuntu:~#
root@ubuntu:~# df -mT
Filesystem Type 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev devtmpfs 15996 0 15996 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 3203 10 3193 1% /run
/dev/sda1 vfat 14779 4146 10634 29% /isodevice
/dev/loop0 iso9660 1515 1515 0 100% /cdrom
/dev/loop2 squashfs 1462 1462 0 100% /rofs
aufs aufs 992 130 811 14% /
tmpfs tmpfs 16012 1 16011 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 5 1 5 1% /run/lock
tmpfs tmpfs 16012 0 16012 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 16012 1 16012 1% /tmp
tmpfs tmpfs 3203 1 3203 1% /run/user/999
/dev/nvme0n1p2 vfat 341 38 303 12% /mnt/part2
/dev/nvme0n1p7 ext4 100666 56644 39158 60% /mnt/ubuntu
root@ubuntu:~# cd /mnt/ubuntu/etc
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# cat lsb-release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=16.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=xenial
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS"
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# cat fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda7 during installation
UUID=ad9fa119-e32d-4ff5-896b-4847a0497736 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /boot/efi was on /dev/sda2 during installation
#UUID=BC31-1F62 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 1
# 1TB Samsung NVME SSD
UUID=BCA8-1D30 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 1
# swap was on /dev/sda8 during installation
#UUID=e692f61d-4eab-49c9-b788-74bcb16445aa none swap sw 0 0
# UUID=4a738184-9b10-4f54-bb20-2d5416f57b3c none swap sw 0 0
LABEL=swap none swap sw 0 0
#LABEL=usr2 /usr2 ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 2
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# grep " / " fstab
# / was on /dev/sda7 during installation
UUID=ad9fa119-e32d-4ff5-896b-4847a0497736 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# blkid -U ad9fa119-e32d-4ff5-896b-4847a0497736
/dev/nvme0n1p7
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
loop1 ext2 casper-rw 4491aa81-55b9-704e-84e4-7b11541870fd
loop2 squashfs /rofs
loop0 iso9660 Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS amd64 2017-08-01-11-51-33-00 /cdrom
sda
└─sda1 vfat MULTIBOOT B81B-8510 /isodevice
nvme0n1
├─nvme0n1p5 ntfs Home 01D58384E9AD5430
├─nvme0n1p3
├─nvme0n1p1
├─nvme0n1p8 ntfs Winretools 01D583863CA106E0
├─nvme0n1p6 swap swap be8f90c3-e70f-4dee-932b-8c9804ced0f8
├─nvme0n1p4 ntfs 01D5838383354B00
├─nvme0n1p2 vfat BCA8-1D30 /mnt/part2
└─nvme0n1p7 ext4 ad9fa119-e32d-4ff5-896b-4847a0497736 /mnt/ubuntu
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop1 7:1 0 1G 0 loop
loop2 7:2 0 1.4G 1 loop /rofs
loop0 7:0 0 1.5G 0 loop /cdrom
sda 8:0 1 14.5G 0 disk
└─sda1 8:1 1 14.5G 0 part /isodevice
nvme0n1 259:0 0 931.5G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p5 259:5 0 540.9G 0 part
├─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 128M 0 part
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 500M 0 part
├─nvme0n1p8 259:8 0 7.2G 0 part
├─nvme0n1p6 259:6 0 32.5G 0 part
├─nvme0n1p4 259:4 0 250G 0 part
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 342M 0 part /mnt/part2
└─nvme0n1p7 259:7 0 100G 0 part /mnt/ubuntu
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/loop0: 1.5 GiB, 1587609600 bytes, 3100800 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0d66cd15
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/loop0p1 * 0 3100799 3100800 1.5G 0 Empty
/dev/loop0p2 3006684 3011355 4672 2.3M ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
Disk /dev/loop1: 1 GiB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop2: 1.4 GiB, 1532116992 bytes, 2992416 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 1C72AE00-0703-03AB-80AB-1CC7C0C1EA00
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/nvme0n1p1 2048 1026047 1024000 500M Windows recovery environment
/dev/nvme0n1p2 1026048 1726463 700416 342M EFI System
/dev/nvme0n1p3 1726464 1988607 262144 128M Microsoft reserved
/dev/nvme0n1p4 1988608 526276607 524288000 250G Microsoft basic data
/dev/nvme0n1p5 526276608 1660538879 1134262272 540.9G Microsoft basic data
/dev/nvme0n1p6 1660540928 1728698367 68157440 32.5G Linux swap
/dev/nvme0n1p7 1728698368 1938413567 209715200 100G Linux filesystem
/dev/nvme0n1p8 1938413568 1953519615 15106048 7.2G Windows recovery environment
Disk /dev/sda: 14.5 GiB, 15514730496 bytes, 30302208 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0ad28251
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 30302207 30300160 14.5G c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# sgdisk -p /dev/nvme0n1
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 1953525168 sectors, 931.5 GiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 1C72AE00-0703-03AB-80AB-1CC7C0C1EA00
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 1953525134
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 9581 sectors (4.7 MiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 1026047 500.0 MiB 2700 Basic data partition
2 1026048 1726463 342.0 MiB EF00 EFI system partition
3 1726464 1988607 128.0 MiB 0C01 Microsoft reserved ...
4 1988608 526276607 250.0 GiB 0700 Basic data partition
5 526276608 1660538879 540.9 GiB 0700 Basic data partition
6 1660540928 1728698367 32.5 GiB 8200
7 1728698368 1938413567 100.0 GiB 8300 Ubuntu
8 1938413568 1953519615 7.2 GiB 2700 Basic data partition
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# df -mT
Filesystem Type 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev devtmpfs 15996 0 15996 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 3203 10 3193 1% /run
/dev/sda1 vfat 14779 4146 10634 29% /isodevice
/dev/loop0 iso9660 1515 1515 0 100% /cdrom
/dev/loop2 squashfs 1462 1462 0 100% /rofs
aufs aufs 992 130 811 14% /
tmpfs tmpfs 16012 1 16011 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 5 1 5 1% /run/lock
tmpfs tmpfs 16012 0 16012 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 16012 1 16012 1% /tmp
tmpfs tmpfs 3203 1 3203 1% /run/user/999
/dev/nvme0n1p2 vfat 341 38 303 12% /mnt/part2
/dev/nvme0n1p7 ext4 100666 56644 39158 60% /mnt/ubuntu
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# ls -l /mnt/part2
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 2048 Jan 24 16:33 EFI
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 May 15 2018 PRELOAD
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Mar 15 2018 ST18568.23404
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Mar 20 2018 ST26043.18321
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Mar 18 2018 ST30169.24228
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# !!/EFI
ls -l /mnt/part2/EFI
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 Boot
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 2048 Jan 24 16:33 Dell
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 Microsoft
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 ubuntu
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# !!/Boot
ls -l /mnt/part2/EFI/Boot
total 722
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 737512 Aug 26 21:44 bootx64.efi
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# ^Boot^Dell
ls -l /mnt/part2/EFI/Dell
total 6
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 May 15 2019 Bios
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 24 16:33 logs
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# !!/Bios
ls -l /mnt/part2/EFI/Dell/Bios
total 2
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 May 15 2019 Recovery
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# !!/Recovery
ls -l /mnt/part2/EFI/Dell/Bios/Recovery
total 19056
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9771708 May 15 2019 BIOS_CUR.RCV
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9738450 Oct 22 2018 BIOS_PRE.rcv
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# ls -l /mnt/part2/EFI/Microsoft/
total 2
drwxr-xr-x 26 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 Boot
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# !!/Boot
ls -l /mnt/part2/EFI/Microsoft//Boot
total 2358
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 57344 Jan 24 14:45 BCD
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 36864 Jan 30 2018 BCD.Backup.0001
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 54272 Jan 24 14:45 BCD.LOG
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Dec 18 2017 BCD.LOG1
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Dec 18 2017 BCD.LOG2
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 737512 Aug 26 21:44 bootmgfw.efi
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 733928 Aug 26 21:44 bootmgr.efi
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 65536 Dec 18 2017 BOOTSTAT.DAT
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 cs-CZ
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 da-DK
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 de-DE
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 el-GR
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 en-US
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 es-ES
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 fi-FI
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 Fonts
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 fr-FR
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 hu-HU
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 it-IT
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 ja-JP
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 ko-KR
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 675048 Jun 12 2019 memtest.efi
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 nb-NO
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 nl-NL
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 pl-PL
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 pt-BR
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 pt-PT
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 ru-RU
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 sv-SE
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 tr-TR
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 zh-CN
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 zh-HK
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 zh-TW
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# ls -l /mnt/part2/EFI/Ubuntu
total 1176
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 18 2017 fw
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 64352 Dec 18 2017 fwupx64.efi
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 117 Apr 19 2018 grub.cfg
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1133432 Apr 19 2018 grubx64.efi
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc#
root@ubuntu:/mnt/ubuntu/etc# cat !$/grub.cfg
cat /mnt/part2/EFI/Ubuntu/grub.cfg
search.fs_uuid ad9fa119-e32d-4ff5-896b-4847a0497736 root
set prefix=($root)'/boot/grub'
configfile $prefix/grub.cfg
来自“gdisk”的附加信息：
root@ubuntu:~# gdisk /dev/nvme0n1
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.1
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 1953525168 sectors, 931.5 GiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 1C72AE00-0703-03AB-80AB-1CC7C0C1EA00
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 1953525134
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 9581 sectors (4.7 MiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 1026047 500.0 MiB 2700 Basic data partition
2 1026048 1726463 342.0 MiB EF00 EFI system partition
3 1726464 1988607 128.0 MiB 0C01 Microsoft reserved ...
4 1988608 526276607 250.0 GiB 0700 Basic data partition
5 526276608 1660538879 540.9 GiB 0700 Basic data partition
6 1660540928 1728698367 32.5 GiB 8200
7 1728698368 1938413567 100.0 GiB 8300 Ubuntu
8 1938413568 1953519615 7.2 GiB 2700 Basic data partition
Command (? for help): i
Partition number (1-8): 1
Partition GUID code: DE94BBA4-06D1-4D40-A16A-BFD50179D6AC (Windows RE)
Partition unique GUID: 00003B3B-2F00-9663-818B-D50176760000
First sector: 2048 (at 1024.0 KiB)
Last sector: 1026047 (at 501.0 MiB)
Partition size: 1024000 sectors (500.0 MiB)
Attribute flags: 0000000000000000
Partition name: 'Basic data partition'
Command (? for help): i
Partition number (1-8): 2
Partition GUID code: C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B (EFI System)
Partition unique GUID: A97FBDB0-8381-01D5-D80E-BDD4C0C1EA00
First sector: 1026048 (at 501.0 MiB)
Last sector: 1726463 (at 843.0 MiB)
Partition size: 700416 sectors (342.0 MiB)
Attribute flags: 0000000000000000
Partition name: 'EFI system partition'
Command (? for help): i
Partition number (1-8): 3
Partition GUID code: E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE (Microsoft reserved)
Partition unique GUID: 00013699-36E0-BCBE-81DB-DF01326D0200
First sector: 1726464 (at 843.0 MiB)
Last sector: 1988607 (at 971.0 MiB)
Partition size: 262144 sectors (128.0 MiB)
Attribute flags: 0000000000000000
Partition name: 'Microsoft reserved partition'
Command (? for help): i
Partition number (1-8): 4
Partition GUID code: EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 (Microsoft basic data)
Partition unique GUID: 000CDA33-E680-8364-83DB-DF0166B41900
First sector: 1988608 (at 971.0 MiB)
Last sector: 526276607 (at 250.9 GiB)
Partition size: 524288000 sectors (250.0 GiB)
Attribute flags: 0000000000000000
Partition name: 'Basic data partition'
Command (? for help): i
Partition number (1-8): 5
Partition GUID code: EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 (Microsoft basic data)
Partition unique GUID: 00160767-A5C0-E9DA-84DB-DF1FCE0E2C00
First sector: 526276608 (at 250.9 GiB)
Last sector: 1660538879 (at 791.8 GiB)
Partition size: 1134262272 sectors (540.9 GiB)
Attribute flags: 0000000000000000
Partition name: 'Basic data partition'
Command (? for help): i
Partition number (1-8): 6
Partition GUID code: 0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F (Linux swap)
Partition unique GUID: 0018B669-E3E0-52AE-8593-FD61D26C3100
First sector: 1660540928 (at 791.8 GiB)
Last sector: 1728698367 (at 824.3 GiB)
Partition size: 68157440 sectors (32.5 GiB)
Attribute flags: 0000000000000000
Partition name: ''
Command (? for help): i
Partition number (1-8): 7
Partition GUID code: 0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4 (Linux filesystem)
Partition unique GUID: 75E9BEB0-8386-01D5-58D7-140AC3C1EA00
First sector: 1728698368 (at 824.3 GiB)
Last sector: 1938413567 (at 924.3 GiB)
Partition size: 209715200 sectors (100.0 GiB)
Attribute flags: 0000000000000000
Partition name: 'Ubuntu'
Command (? for help): i
Partition number (1-8): 8
Partition GUID code: DE94BBA4-06D1-4D40-A16A-BFD50179D6AC (Windows RE)
Partition unique GUID: 001EB4C1-3160-3CCE-86DB-DD7382693D00
First sector: 1938413568 (at 924.3 GiB)
Last sector: 1953519615 (at 931.5 GiB)
Partition size: 15106048 sectors (7.2 GiB)
Attribute flags: 0000000000000000
Partition name: 'Basic data partition'