具体来说，我正尝试安装系统上已有的libllvm10:i386库libllvm10。Apt 现在尝试删除几乎所有重要的东西（xorg、xwayland、java、gnome 等）。我 99% 确定这只发生在从 18.04 升级到 Ubuntu 20.04 之后，因为 steam 现在正在尝试安装这个库，而我之前曾运行过 steam（我猜是升级删除了它）。
$ sudo apt install libllvm10:i386
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
bogofilter bogofilter-bdb bogofilter-common docbook-xml evolution-common
folks-common fonts-cantarell fprintd gir1.2-caribou-1.0 gir1.2-dazzle-1.0
gir1.2-evince-3.0 gir1.2-gdata-0.0 gir1.2-gfbgraph-0.2 gir1.2-graphene-1.0
gir1.2-grilo-0.3 gir1.2-handy-0.0 gir1.2-lokdocview-0.1 gir1.2-mediaart-2.0
gir1.2-rest-0.7 gir1.2-tracker-2.0 gir1.2-zpj-0.0 gnome-backgrounds
gnome-clocks gnome-color-manager gnome-online-miners gnome-user-share
gnome-weather icoutils jq libapache2-mod-dnssd libaribb24-0
libavahi-gobject0 libbasicusageenvironment1 libcacard0 libcaribou-common
libcaribou0 libcddb2 libdc1394-22 libdca0 libdouble-conversion3 libdvbpsi10
libebml4v5 libebook-1.2-20 libebook-contacts-1.2-3 libecal-2.0-1
libedata-book-1.2-26 libedata-cal-2.0-1 libegl1 libfaad2 libfolks25
libfprint-2-2 libfprint-2-tod1 libgfbgraph-0.2-0 libgnome-autoar-gtk-0-0
libgroupsock8 libgsf-bin libgsl23 libgslcblas0 libgsoap-2.8.91
libgtk-vnc-2.0-0 libgvnc-1.0-0 libixml10 libjq1 libkate1
liblibreofficekitgtk liblivemedia77 libmanette-0.2-0 libmatroska6v5
libmediainfo0v5 libmms0 libmpcdec6 libmusicbrainz5-2 libmusicbrainz5cc2v5
libopenmpt-modplug1 libpam-fprintd libphodav-2.0-0 libphodav-2.0-common
libplacebo7 libprotobuf-lite17 libproxy-tools libproxy1-plugin-webkit
libpst4 libqt5core5a libqt5dbus5 libqt5gui5-gles libqt5network5
libqt5x11extras5 libraw19 libreofficekit-data libresid-builder0c2a
librygel-core-2.6-2 librygel-db-2.6-2 librygel-renderer-2.6-2
librygel-renderer-gst-2.6-2 librygel-server-2.6-2 libsdl-image1.2
libsdl1.2debian libsidplay2 libspatialaudio0 libspice-client-glib-2.0-8
libspice-client-gtk-3.0-5 libsrt1 libtinyxml2-6a libupnp13
libusageenvironment3 libusbredirhost1 libusbredirparser1 libva-wayland2
libvlc-bin libvlc5 libvlccore9 libvncserver1 libwxbase3.0-0v5 libxcb-xinput0
libxt-dev libytnef0 libzapojit-0.0-0 libzen0v5 python-wxversion
qt5-gtk-platformtheme qttranslations5-l10n rygel rygel-playbin rygel-tracker
sgml-data spice-client-glib-usb-acl-helper switcheroo-control vinagre
virtualbox-dkms vlc-bin vlc-data vlc-l10n vlc-plugin-base vlc-plugin-notify
vlc-plugin-samba vlc-plugin-video-splitter xdg-dbus-proxy
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
libatomic1:i386 libedit2:i386 libqt5gui5-gles
Suggested packages:
qt5-image-formats-plugins qtwayland5
Recommended packages:
libqt5svg5
The following packages will be REMOVED:
apturl caribou cheese chrome-gnome-shell evolution evolution-data-server
evolution-plugin-bogofilter evolution-plugin-pstimport evolution-plugins
gdm3 gir1.2-champlain-0.12 gir1.2-clutter-1.0 gir1.2-cogl-1.0
gir1.2-coglpango-1.0 gir1.2-gst-plugins-base-1.0 gir1.2-gtkchamplain-0.12
gir1.2-gtkclutter-1.0 gir1.2-mutter-6 gir1.2-rb-3.0 gir1.2-totem-1.0
gir1.2-webkit2-4.0 gnome gnome-calendar gnome-contacts gnome-control-center
gnome-core gnome-documents gnome-games gnome-getting-started-docs
gnome-initial-setup gnome-maps gnome-music gnome-nibbles
gnome-online-accounts gnome-session gnome-session-bin gnome-shell
gnome-shell-extension-appindicator gnome-shell-extension-desktop-icons
gnome-shell-extension-pixelsaver gnome-shell-extension-prefs
gnome-shell-extension-top-icons-plus gnome-shell-extension-ubuntu-dock
gnome-shell-extensions gnome-sound-recorder gnome-startup-applications
gnome-sushi gnome-todo gnome-tweaks gnome-user-docs gstreamer1.0-clutter-3.0
gstreamer1.0-gl libatk-wrapper-java libatk-wrapper-java-jni
libchamplain-0.12-0 libchamplain-gtk-0.12-0 libcheese-gtk25 libcheese8
libclutter-1.0-0 libclutter-gst-3.0-0 libclutter-gtk-1.0-0 libcogl-pango20
libcogl-path20 libcogl20 libedataserverui-1.2-2 libevolution libfolks-eds25
libgl1 libgl1-mesa-dri libglu1-mesa libglx-mesa0 libglx0
libgoa-backend-1.0-1 libgstreamer-gl1.0-0 libllvm10 libmutter-6-0 libqt5gui5
libqt5opengl5 libqt5printsupport5 libqt5svg5 libqt5widgets5 libtotem0
libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37 libwxgtk3.0-gtk3-0v5 libxatracker2 libyelp0 lightsoff
megasync mesa-utils mesa-vulkan-drivers mutter nautilus-megasync
nautilus-share openjdk-11-jre openjdk-8-jdk openjdk-8-jre playonlinux
python-wxgtk3.0 quadrapassel rhythmbox-plugins shotwell steam-launcher
swell-foop totem totem-plugins ubuntu-desktop ubuntu-desktop-minimal
ubuntu-docs ubuntu-release-upgrader-gtk ubuntu-session update-manager
update-notifier virtualbox virtualbox-qt vlc vlc-plugin-qt vlc-plugin-skins2
vlc-plugin-video-output vlc-plugin-visualization x11-utils xorg
xserver-xephyr xserver-xorg xserver-xorg-core xserver-xorg-input-all
xserver-xorg-input-libinput xserver-xorg-input-wacom xserver-xorg-video-all
xserver-xorg-video-amdgpu xserver-xorg-video-ati xserver-xorg-video-fbdev
xserver-xorg-video-intel xserver-xorg-video-nouveau xserver-xorg-video-qxl
xserver-xorg-video-radeon xserver-xorg-video-vesa xserver-xorg-video-vmware
xwayland yelp zenity
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libatomic1:i386 libedit2:i386 libllvm10:i386 libqt5gui5-gles
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 140 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 18,4 MB of archives.
After this operation, 771 MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
$ sudo apt update
Hit:1 http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal InRelease
Hit:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease
Hit:3 http://ppa.launchpad.net/atareao/telegram/ubuntu focal InRelease
Hit:4 http://packages.microsoft.com/repos/vscode stable InRelease
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Hit:6 http://www.geogebra.net/linux stable InRelease
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Hit:8 http://ppa.launchpad.net/graphics-drivers/ppa/ubuntu focal InRelease
Hit:9 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease
Hit:10 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu focal InRelease
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Hit:12 https://repo.steampowered.com/steam stable InRelease
Get:13 https://mega.nz/linux/MEGAsync/xUbuntu_20.04 ./ InRelease [2.441 B]
Hit:14 https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu focal InRelease
Hit:15 http://at.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease
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Hit:21 http://ppa.launchpad.net/linuxuprising/apps/ubuntu focal InRelease
Hit:23 http://ppa.launchpad.net/lutris-team/lutris/ubuntu focal InRelease
Hit:16 https://apt.llvm.org/focal llvm-toolchain-focal-10 InRelease
Hit:20 https://apt.llvm.org/focal llvm-toolchain-focal-9 InRelease
Hit:22 https://packagecloud.io/slacktechnologies/slack/debian jessie InRelease
Fetched 2.441 B in 6s (402 B/s)
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
32 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.
$ apt-cache policy libllvm10:i386
libllvm10:i386:
Installed: (none)
Candidate: 1:10.0.0-4ubuntu1
Version table:
1:10.0.0-4ubuntu1 500
500 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main i386 Packages
500 http://at.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main i386 Packages
答案1
问题似乎是版本不匹配libllvm10（libllvm10:i386分别为 10.0.1 和 10.0.0）。降级解决了这个问题。
$ apt-cache policy libllvm10
libllvm10:
Installed: 1:10.0.1~++20200708122807+ef32c611aa2-1~exp1~20200707223407.61
Candidate: 1:10.0.1~++20200708122807+ef32c611aa2-1~exp1~20200707223407.61
Version table:
*** 1:10.0.1~++20200708122807+ef32c611aa2-1~exp1~20200707223407.61 500
500 http://apt.llvm.org/focal llvm-toolchain-focal-10/main amd64 Packages
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
1:10.0.0-4ubuntu1 500
500 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages
500 http://at.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages