我已经安装了 postfix 3.6.4，并且基本可以正常工作。我可以发送外发邮件，但无法接收来信。当我运行 sudo ss -lnpt | grep master 时，我只得到一行，其中端口 25 处于侦听模式。我知道我需要该服务来侦听 465 和 587，在尝试配置它时，我确信我覆盖/删除了一些我需要的行。
我正在尝试获取 master.cf 文件的新副本，以便可以比较这两个文件，但没有成功。我不想卸载/重新安装，因为其中有一部分可以正常工作，而且我不想处理重新安装证书的问题，因为证书会破坏我的网络服务器。
TLDR：如何获取 postfix mail_version = 3.6.4 的 master.cf 文件的最新副本？
分销商 ID：Ubuntu 描述：Ubuntu 22.04.2 LTS 发布：22.04 代号：jammy
运行于：（Orange Pi 1.1.0 Jammy 搭载 Linux 5.10.110-rockchip-rk3588）
谢谢！
答案1
#
# Postfix master process configuration file. For details on the format
# of the file, see the master(5) manual page (command: "man 5 master" or
# on-line: http://www.postfix.org/master.5.html).
#
# Do not forget to execute "postfix reload" after editing this file.
#
# ==========================================================================
# service type private unpriv chroot wakeup maxproc command + args
# (yes) (yes) (no) (never) (100)
# ==========================================================================
smtp inet n - n - - smtpd
#smtp inet n - n - 1 postscreen
#smtpd pass - - n - - smtpd
#dnsblog unix - - n - 0 dnsblog
#tlsproxy unix - - n - 0 tlsproxy
# Choose one: enable submission for loopback clients only, or for any client.
#127.0.0.1:submission inet n - n - - smtpd
#submission inet n - n - - smtpd
# -o syslog_name=postfix/submission
# -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
# -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
# -o smtpd_tls_auth_only=yes
# -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
# -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
# -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
# -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
# -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
# -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
# -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
# Choose one: enable smtps for loopback clients only, or for any client.
#127.0.0.1:smtps inet n - n - - smtpd
#smtps inet n - n - - smtpd
# -o syslog_name=postfix/smtps
# -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes
# -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
# -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
# -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
# -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
# -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
# -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
# -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
# -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
#628 inet n - n - - qmqpd
pickup unix n - n 60 1 pickup
cleanup unix n - n - 0 cleanup
qmgr unix n - n 300 1 qmgr
#qmgr unix n - n 300 1 oqmgr
tlsmgr unix - - n 1000? 1 tlsmgr
rewrite unix - - n - - trivial-rewrite
bounce unix - - n - 0 bounce
defer unix - - n - 0 bounce
trace unix - - n - 0 bounce
verify unix - - n - 1 verify
flush unix n - n 1000? 0 flush
proxymap unix - - n - - proxymap
proxywrite unix - - n - 1 proxymap
smtp unix - - n - - smtp
relay unix - - n - - smtp
-o syslog_name=postfix/$service_name
# -o smtp_helo_timeout=5 -o smtp_connect_timeout=5
showq unix n - n - - showq
error unix - - n - - error
retry unix - - n - - error
discard unix - - n - - discard
local unix - n n - - local
virtual unix - n n - - virtual
lmtp unix - - n - - lmtp
anvil unix - - n - 1 anvil
scache unix - - n - 1 scache
postlog unix-dgram n - n - 1 postlogd
#
# ====================================================================
# Interfaces to non-Postfix software. Be sure to examine the manual
# pages of the non-Postfix software to find out what options it wants.
#
# Many of the following services use the Postfix pipe(8) delivery
# agent. See the pipe(8) man page for information about ${recipient}
# and other message envelope options.
# ====================================================================
#
# maildrop. See the Postfix MAILDROP_README file for details.
# Also specify in main.cf: maildrop_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
#maildrop unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=DRXhu user=vmail argv=/usr/local/bin/maildrop -d ${recipient}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Recent Cyrus versions can use the existing "lmtp" master.cf entry.
#
# Specify in cyrus.conf:
# lmtp cmd="lmtpd -a" listen="localhost:lmtp" proto=tcp4
#
# Specify in main.cf one or more of the following:
# mailbox_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
# virtual_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Cyrus 2.1.5 (Amos Gouaux)
# Also specify in main.cf: cyrus_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
#cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=DRX user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -r ${sender} -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Old example of delivery via Cyrus.
#
#old-cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=R user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# See the Postfix UUCP_README file for configuration details.
#
#uucp unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=Fqhu user=uucp argv=uux -r -n -z -a$sender - $nexthop!rmail ($recipient)
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Other external delivery methods.
#
#ifmail unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=F user=ftn argv=/usr/lib/ifmail/ifmail -r $nexthop ($recipient)
#
#bsmtp unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=Fq. user=bsmtp argv=/usr/local/sbin/bsmtp -f $sender $nexthop $recipient
#
#scalemail-backend unix - n n - 2 pipe
# flags=R user=scalemail argv=/usr/lib/scalemail/bin/scalemail-store
# ${nexthop} ${user} ${extension}
#
#mailman unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=FRX user=list argv=/usr/lib/mailman/bin/postfix-to-mailman.py
# ${nexthop} ${user}
MASTER(5) MASTER(5)
NAME
master - Postfix master process configuration file format
DESCRIPTION
The Postfix mail system is implemented by small number of (mostly)
client commands that are invoked by users, and by a larger number of
services that run in the background.
Postfix services are implemented by daemon processes. These run in the
background, started on-demand by the master(8) process. The master.cf
configuration file defines how a client program connects to a service,
and what daemon program runs when a service is requested. Most daemon
processes are short-lived and terminate voluntarily after serving
max_use clients, or after inactivity for max_idle or more units of
time.
All daemons specified here must speak a Postfix-internal protocol. In
order to execute non-Postfix software use the local(8), pipe(8) or
spawn(8) services, or execute the software with inetd(8) or equivalent.
After changing master.cf you must execute "postfix reload" to reload
the configuration.
SYNTAX
The general format of the master.cf file is as follows:
o Empty lines and whitespace-only lines are ignored, as are lines
whose first non-whitespace character is a `#'.
o A logical line starts with non-whitespace text. A line that
starts with whitespace continues a logical line.
o Each logical line defines a single Postfix service. Each ser-
vice is identified by its name and type as described below.
When multiple lines specify the same service name and type, only
the last one is remembered. Otherwise, the order of master.cf
service definitions does not matter.
Each logical line consists of eight fields separated by whitespace.
These are described below in the order as they appear in the master.cf
file.
Where applicable a field of "-" requests that the built-in default
value be used. For boolean fields specify "y" or "n" to override the
default value.
Service name
The service name syntax depends on the service type as described
next.
Service type
Specify one of the following service types:
inet The service listens on a TCP/IP socket and is accessible
via the network.
The service name is specified as host:port, denoting the
host and port on which new connections should be
accepted. The host part (and colon) may be omitted.
Either host or port may be given in symbolic form (see
hosts(5) or services(5)) or in numeric form (IP address
or port number). Host information may be enclosed inside
"[]"; this form is necessary only with IPv6 addresses.
Examples: a service named 127.0.0.1:smtp or ::1:smtp
receives mail via the loopback interface only; and a ser-
vice named 10025 accepts connections on TCP port 10025
via all interfaces configured with the inet_interfaces
parameter.
Note: with Postfix version 2.2 and later specify
"inet_interfaces = loopback-only" in main.cf, instead of
hard-coding loopback IP address information in master.cf
or in main.cf.
unix The service listens on a UNIX-domain stream socket and is
accessible for local clients only.
The service name is a pathname relative to the Postfix
queue directory (pathname controlled with the
queue_directory configuration parameter in main.cf).
On Solaris 8 and earlier systems the unix type is imple-
mented with streams sockets.
unix-dgram
The service listens on a UNIX-domain datagram socket and
is accessible for local clients only.
The service name is a pathname relative to the Postfix
queue directory (pathname controlled with the
queue_directory configuration parameter in main.cf).
fifo (obsolete)
The service listens on a FIFO (named pipe) and is acces-
sible for local clients only.
The service name is a pathname relative to the Postfix
queue directory (pathname controlled with the
queue_directory configuration parameter in main.cf).
pass The service listens on a UNIX-domain stream socket, and
is accessible to local clients only. It receives one open
connection (file descriptor passing) per connection
request.
The service name is a pathname relative to the Postfix
queue directory (pathname controlled with the
queue_directory configuration parameter in main.cf).
On Solaris 8 and earlier systems the pass type is imple-
mented with streams sockets.
This feature is available as of Postfix version 2.5.
Private (default: y)
Whether a service is internal to Postfix (pathname starts with
private/), or exposed through Postfix command-line tools (path-
name starts with public/). Internet (type inet) services can't
be private.
Unprivileged (default: y)
Whether the service runs with root privileges or as the owner of
the Postfix system (the owner name is controlled by the
mail_owner configuration variable in the main.cf file).
The local(8), pipe(8), spawn(8), and virtual(8) daemons require
privileges.
Chroot (default: Postfix >= 3.0: n, Postfix < 3.0: y)
Whether or not the service runs chrooted to the mail queue
directory (pathname is controlled by the queue_directory config-
uration variable in the main.cf file).
Chroot should not be used with the local(8), pipe(8), spawn(8),
and virtual(8) daemons. Although the proxymap(8) server can run
chrooted, doing so defeats most of the purpose of having that
service in the first place.
The files in the examples/chroot-setup subdirectory of the Post-
fix source show how to set up a Postfix chroot environment on a
variety of systems. See also BASIC_CONFIGURATION_README for
issues related to running daemons chrooted.
Wake up time (default: 0)
Automatically wake up the named service after the specified num-
ber of seconds. The wake up is implemented by connecting to the
service and sending a wake up request. A ? at the end of the
wake-up time field requests that no wake up events be sent
before the first time a service is used. Specify 0 for no auto-
matic wake up.
The pickup(8), qmgr(8) and flush(8) daemons require a wake up
timer.
Process limit (default: $default_process_limit)
The maximum number of processes that may execute this service
simultaneously. Specify 0 for no process count limit.
NOTE: Some Postfix services must be configured as a sin-
gle-process service (for example, qmgr(8)) and some services
must be configured with no process limit (for example,
cleanup(8)). These limits must not be changed.
Command name + arguments
The command to be executed. Characters that are special to the
shell such as ">" or "|" have no special meaning here, and
quotes cannot be used to protect arguments containing white-
space. To protect whitespace, use "{" and "}" as described
below.
The command name is relative to the Postfix daemon directory
(pathname is controlled by the daemon_directory configuration
variable).
The command argument syntax for specific commands is specified
in the respective daemon manual page.
The following command-line options have the same effect for all
daemon programs:
-D Run the daemon under control by the command specified
with the debugger_command variable in the main.cf config-
uration file. See DEBUG_README for hints and tips.
-o { name = value } (long form, Postfix >= 3.0)
-o name=value (short form)
Override the named main.cf configuration parameter. The
parameter value can refer to other parameters as $name
etc., just like in main.cf. See postconf(5) for syntax.
NOTE 1: With the "long form" shown above, whitespace
after "{", around "=", and before "}" is ignored, and
whitespace within the parameter value is preserved.
NOTE 2: with the "short form" shown above, do not specify
whitespace around the "=" or in parameter values. To
specify a parameter value that contains whitespace, use
the long form described above, or use commas instead of
spaces, or specify the value in main.cf. Example:
/etc/postfix/master.cf:
submission inet .... smtpd
-o smtpd_xxx_yyy=$submission_xxx_yyy
/etc/postfix/main.cf
submission_xxx_yyy = text with whitespace...
NOTE 3: Over-zealous use of parameter overrides makes the
Postfix configuration hard to understand and maintain.
At a certain point, it might be easier to configure mul-
tiple instances of Postfix, instead of configuring multi-
ple personalities via master.cf.
-v Increase the verbose logging level. Specify multiple -v
options to make a Postfix daemon process increasingly
verbose.
Other command-line arguments
Specify "{" and "}" around command arguments that contain
whitespace (Postfix 3.0 and later). Whitespace after "{"
and before "}" is ignored.
SEE ALSO
master(8), process manager
postconf(5), configuration parameters
README FILES
BASIC_CONFIGURATION_README, basic configuration
DEBUG_README, Postfix debugging
LICENSE
The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software.
AUTHOR(S)
Initial version by
Magnus Baeck
Lund Institute of Technology
Sweden
Wietse Venema
IBM T.J. Watson Research
P.O. Box 704
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
Wietse Venema
Google, Inc.
111 8th Avenue
New York, NY 10011, USA