我在戴尔笔记本电脑上运行 Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS。
我注意到我有相当多的非通用内核，但我不知道它们是如何安装的。
-azure以、-aws、-nvidia和结尾的内核-gcp对我根本不起作用。只有-lowlatency、-oem和 当然-generic对我有用。不确定-oracle内核，因为我还没有尝试从那个内核启动。
-azure我推测以和结尾的内核-aws是所谓的云优化内核（https://ubuntu.com/blog/cloud-optimized-linux-kernels）？这些在启动期间对我来说不起作用，卡在“加载初始 ramdisk”或无法读取我的卷组vgubuntu，我认为这是有道理的，因为它们适用于云端而不是台式机/笔记本电脑。
我的问题确实是：
- 当我不记得具体选择/安装这些内核时，它们是如何安装的？
- 我该如何防止它们将来被安装？
- 另外，
-nvidia和-gcp内核是什么？
$ dpkg --list | grep linux-image | grep ^ii
ii linux-image-5.15.0-1031-nvidia 5.15.0-1031.31 amd64 Signed kernel image nvidia
ii linux-image-5.15.0-1038-intel-iotg 5.15.0-1038.43 amd64 Signed kernel image intel-iotg
ii linux-image-5.15.0-1040-gcp 5.15.0-1040.48 amd64 Signed kernel image gcp
ii linux-image-5.15.0-1043-aws 5.15.0-1043.48 amd64 Signed kernel image aws
ii linux-image-5.15.0-82-generic 5.15.0-82.91 amd64 Signed kernel image generic
ii linux-image-5.15.0-82-lowlatency 5.15.0-82.91 amd64 Signed kernel image lowlatency
ii linux-image-5.17.0-1035-oem 5.17.0-1035.36 amd64 Signed kernel image oem
ii linux-image-5.19.0-1027-oracle 5.19.0-1027.30 amd64 Signed kernel image oracle
ii linux-image-5.19.0-50-generic 5.19.0-50.50 amd64 Signed kernel image generic
ii linux-image-6.0.0-1020-oem 6.0.0-1020.20 amd64 Signed kernel image oem
ii linux-image-6.1.0-1020-oem 6.1.0-1020.20 amd64 Signed kernel image oem
ii linux-image-6.2.0-1003-nvidia 6.2.0-1003.3~22.04.1+1 amd64 Signed kernel image nvidia
ii linux-image-6.2.0-1008-azure 6.2.0-1008.8~22.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image azure
ii linux-image-6.2.0-1010-aws 6.2.0-1010.10~22.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image aws
ii linux-image-6.2.0-1011-lowlatency 6.2.0-1011.11~22.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image lowlatency
ii linux-image-6.2.0-1012-gcp 6.2.0-1012.12~22.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image gcp
ii linux-image-6.2.0-31-generic 6.2.0-31.31~22.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic
ii linux-image-generic 5.15.0.82.78 amd64 Generic Linux kernel image
ii linux-image-generic-hwe-22.04 6.2.0.31.31~22.04.8 amd64 Generic Linux kernel image
答案1
我搞明白了。那天我通过“附加驱动程序”安装了 nvidia 驱动程序：
...并且在中/var/log/apt/history.log显示还安装了这些非通用内核：
Install: linux-signatures-nvidia-5.15.0-1041-oracle:amd64 (5.15.0-1041.47, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.15.0-1041-oracle:amd64 (5.15.0-1041.47, automatic), linux-image-5.15.0-1042-azure:amd64 (5.15.0-1042.49, automatic), libnvidia-common-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-6.2.0-1003-nvidia:amd64 (6.2.0-1003.3~22.04.1+2, automatic), linux-image-5.19.0-1027-oracle:amd64 (5.19.0-1027.30, automatic), libnvidia-fbc1-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), libnvidia-fbc1-535:i386 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-6.2.0-1010-aws:amd64 (6.2.0-1010.10~22.04.1, automatic), linux-image-6.2.0-1011-lowlatency:amd64 (6.2.0-1011.11~22.04.1, automatic), linux-modules-5.15.0-82-lowlatency:amd64 (5.15.0-82.91, automatic), linux-modules-5.17.0-1035-oem:amd64 (5.17.0-1035.36, automatic), libnvidia-gl-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), libnvidia-gl-535:i386 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-image-5.15.0-1038-intel-iotg:amd64 (5.15.0-1038.43, automatic), linux-modules-5.19.0-1014-nvidia-lowlatency:amd64 (5.19.0-1014.14, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-6.2.0-1011-lowlatency:amd64 (6.2.0-1011.11~22.04.1, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.19.0-1014-nvidia-lowlatency:amd64 (5.19.0-1014.14, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.19.0-1010-nvidia-lowlatency:amd64 (5.19.0-1010.10, automatic), libnvidia-extra-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), nvidia-compute-utils-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), nvidia-driver-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), linux-signatures-nvidia-6.2.0-1012-gcp:amd64 (6.2.0-1012.12~22.04.1, automatic), linux-modules-6.2.0-1008-azure:amd64 (6.2.0-1008.8~22.04.1, automatic), dctrl-tools:amd64 (2.24-3build2, automatic), linux-image-5.19.0-1014-nvidia-lowlatency:amd64 (5.19.0-1014.14, automatic), linux-image-5.19.0-1010-nvidia-lowlatency:amd64 (5.19.0-1010.10, automatic), linux-image-5.15.0-1031-nvidia:amd64 (5.15.0-1031.31, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.15.0-1045-azure:amd64 (5.15.0-1045.52, automatic), linux-image-5.15.0-82-lowlatency:amd64 (5.15.0-82.91, automatic), libnvidia-encode-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), libnvidia-encode-535:i386 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.19.0-1014-nvidia:amd64 (5.19.0-1014.14, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.19.0-1014-nvidia:amd64 (5.19.0-1014.14, automatic), linux-image-5.15.0-1040-oracle:amd64 (5.15.0-1040.46, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.15.0-1038-intel-iotg:amd64 (5.15.0-1038.43, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-6.2.0-1009-nvidia:amd64 (6.2.0-1009.9, automatic), linux-image-6.2.0-1009-nvidia:amd64 (6.2.0-1009.9, automatic), nvidia-utils-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-image-6.2.0-1008-azure:amd64 (6.2.0-1008.8~22.04.1, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.15.0-1042-azure:amd64 (5.15.0-1042.49, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.15.0-82-lowlatency:amd64 (5.15.0-82.91, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-535-6.2.0-31-generic:amd64 (6.2.0-31.31~22.04.1, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.15.0-82-lowlatency:amd64 (5.15.0-82.91, automatic), xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-modules-5.15.0-1031-nvidia:amd64 (5.15.0-1031.31, automatic), linux-image-5.15.0-1040-gcp:amd64 (5.15.0-1040.48, automatic), linux-modules-5.19.0-1010-nvidia-lowlatency:amd64 (5.19.0-1010.10, automatic), linux-image-6.2.0-1003-nvidia:amd64 (6.2.0-1003.3~22.04.1+1, automatic), linux-modules-5.19.0-1027-oracle:amd64 (5.19.0-1027.30, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.15.0-82-generic:amd64 (5.15.0-82.91, automatic), linux-image-5.15.0-1043-aws:amd64 (5.15.0-1043.48, automatic), linux-modules-5.15.0-1045-azure:amd64 (5.15.0-1045.52, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-6.2.0-31-generic:amd64 (6.2.0-31.31~22.04.1, automatic), linux-image-6.2.0-1010-aws:amd64 (6.2.0-1010.10~22.04.1, automatic), linux-modules-5.15.0-1042-azure:amd64 (5.15.0-1042.49, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.15.0-1040-gcp:amd64 (5.15.0-1040.48, automatic), libnvidia-decode-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), libnvidia-decode-535:i386 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.15.0-1031-nvidia:amd64 (5.15.0-1031.31, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.15.0-1043-aws:amd64 (5.15.0-1043.48, automatic), linux-image-5.17.0-1035-oem:amd64 (5.17.0-1035.36, automatic), nvidia-kernel-common-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-image-6.0.0-1020-oem:amd64 (6.0.0-1020.20, automatic), linux-image-6.2.0-1012-gcp:amd64 (6.2.0-1012.12~22.04.1, automatic), linux-image-6.1.0-1020-oem:amd64 (6.1.0-1020.20, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.15.0-1040-gcp:amd64 (5.15.0-1040.48, automatic), linux-modules-5.15.0-1040-oracle:amd64 (5.15.0-1040.46, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.19.0-1027-oracle:amd64 (5.19.0-1027.30, automatic), linux-modules-nvidia-535-generic-hwe-22.04:amd64 (6.2.0-31.31~22.04.1), linux-signatures-nvidia-6.2.0-1003-nvidia:amd64 (6.2.0-1003.3~22.04.1+2, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-6.2.0-1011-lowlatency:amd64 (6.2.0-1011.11~22.04.1, automatic), linux-image-5.15.0-1041-oracle:amd64 (5.15.0-1041.47, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-6.2.0-1008-azure:amd64 (6.2.0-1008.8~22.04.1+1, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.15.0-1043-aws:amd64 (5.15.0-1043.48, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.15.0-82-generic:amd64 (5.15.0-82.91, automatic), linux-modules-6.2.0-1009-nvidia:amd64 (6.2.0-1009.9, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.15.0-1031-nvidia:amd64 (5.15.0-1031.31, automatic), linux-base-sgx:amd64 (4.5ubuntu9, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.15.0-1040-oracle:amd64 (5.15.0-1040.46+1, automatic), linux-modules-6.2.0-1010-aws:amd64 (6.2.0-1010.10~22.04.1, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.15.0-1040-oracle:amd64 (5.15.0-1040.46+1, automatic), linux-modules-6.2.0-1003-nvidia:amd64 (6.2.0-1003.3~22.04.1, automatic), linux-image-5.19.0-1014-nvidia:amd64 (5.19.0-1014.14, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.19.0-1027-oracle:amd64 (5.19.0-1027.30, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-6.2.0-1010-aws:amd64 (6.2.0-1010.10~22.04.1, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.15.0-1038-intel-iotg:amd64 (5.15.0-1038.43, automatic), linux-modules-6.0.0-1020-oem:amd64 (6.0.0-1020.20, automatic), linux-modules-6.2.0-1012-gcp:amd64 (6.2.0-1012.12~22.04.1, automatic), linux-modules-6.1.0-1020-oem:amd64 (6.1.0-1020.20, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.19.0-1014-nvidia-lowlatency:amd64 (5.19.0-1014.14, automatic), linux-modules-5.19.0-1014-nvidia:amd64 (5.19.0-1014.14, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.19.0-1010-nvidia-lowlatency:amd64 (5.19.0-1010.10, automatic), libnvidia-cfg1-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.17.0-1035-oem:amd64 (5.17.0-1035.36+1, automatic), linux-modules-5.15.0-1041-oracle:amd64 (5.15.0-1041.47, automatic), nvidia-kernel-source-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-6.0.0-1020-oem:amd64 (6.0.0-1020.20+1, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-6.2.0-1012-gcp:amd64 (6.2.0-1012.12~22.04.1, automatic), libnvidia-compute-535:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), libnvidia-compute-535:i386 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-6.1.0-1020-oem:amd64 (6.1.0-1020.20, automatic), linux-modules-nvidia-535-6.2.0-31-generic:amd64 (6.2.0-31.31~22.04.1, automatic), linux-modules-5.15.0-1040-gcp:amd64 (5.15.0-1040.48, automatic), nvidia-firmware-535-535.86.05:amd64 (535.86.05-0ubuntu0.22.04.1, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-5.17.0-1035-oem:amd64 (5.17.0-1035.36+1, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-6.0.0-1020-oem:amd64 (6.0.0-1020.20+1, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.15.0-1045-azure:amd64 (5.15.0-1045.52, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-6.1.0-1020-oem:amd64 (6.1.0-1020.20, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-6.2.0-31-generic:amd64 (6.2.0-31.31~22.04.1, automatic), linux-modules-5.15.0-1043-aws:amd64 (5.15.0-1043.48, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-6.2.0-1009-nvidia:amd64 (6.2.0-1009.9, automatic), linux-objects-nvidia-525-5.15.0-1042-azure:amd64 (5.15.0-1042.49, automatic), dkms:amd64 (2.8.7-2ubuntu2.2, automatic), linux-image-5.15.0-1045-azure:amd64 (5.15.0-1045.52, automatic), linux-modules-5.15.0-1038-intel-iotg:amd64 (5.15.0-1038.43, automatic), linux-modules-6.2.0-1011-lowlatency:amd64 (6.2.0-1011.11~22.04.1, automatic), linux-signatures-nvidia-6.2.0-1008-azure:amd64 (6.2.0-1008.8~22.04.1+1, automatic)
Remove: libnvidia-common-515:amd64 (525.125.06-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), libnvidia-common-525:amd64 (525.125.06-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), libnvidia-fbc1-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), libnvidia-fbc1-515:i386 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), libnvidia-gl-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), libnvidia-gl-515:i386 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), libnvidia-extra-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), nvidia-compute-utils-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), nvidia-driver-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), libnvidia-encode-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), libnvidia-encode-515:i386 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), nvidia-utils-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), libnvidia-decode-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), libnvidia-decode-515:i386 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), nvidia-kernel-common-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), linux-modules-nvidia-515-5.19.0-46-generic:amd64 (5.19.0-46.47~22.04.1), libnvidia-cfg1-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), nvidia-kernel-source-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), linux-modules-nvidia-515-generic-hwe-22.04:amd64 (5.19.0-46.47~22.04.1), libnvidia-compute-515:amd64 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), libnvidia-compute-515:i386 (515.105.01-0ubuntu0.22.04.1)
End-Date: 2023-09-02 18:13:38
但我想这引出了另一个问题，为什么安装 nvidia 驱动程序会添加这些额外的非通用内核？