我正在运行 Ubuntu 服务器 16.04.3。我启用了安全更新的自动安装。今天早上，服务器被关闭（不知道为什么，它应该正在运行）。重新启动后，我尝试使用更新它apt-get dist-upgrade。它给了我以下错误：
Fetched 351 kB in 0s (1 760 kB/s)
/bin/sh: 1: /usr/sbin/dpkg-preconfigure: not found
dpkg: warning: files list file for package 'libpam-runtime' missing; assuming package has no files currently installed
dpkg: warning: files list file for package 'python3.5' missing; assuming package has no files currently installed
dpkg: warning: files list file for package 'libpython3-stdlib:amd64' missing; assuming package has no files currently installed
dpkg: warning: files list file for package 'makedev' missing; assuming package has no files currently installed
dpkg: warning: files list file for package 'libnettle6:amd64' missing; assuming package has no files currently installed
dpkg: unrecoverable fatal error, aborting:
unable to open files list file for package 'libicu55:amd64': No such device or address
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (2)
然后我假设当服务器因未知原因关闭时正在安装某些东西。我尝试过了apt-get install -f。它给了我以下内容：
/bin/sh: 1: /usr/sbin/dpkg-preconfigure: not found
Setting up linux-firmware (1.157.16) ...
/usr/sbin/update-initramfs: 233: /usr/sbin/update-initramfs: linux-version: not found
dpkg: error processing package linux-firmware (--configure):
subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 127
Errors were encountered while processing:
linux-firmware
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
系统上存在 dpkg-preconfigure
root@lelouch:~# whereis dpkg-preconfigure
dpkg-preconfigure: /usr/sbin/dpkg-preconfigure /usr/share/man/man8/dpkg-preconfigure.8.gz
linux-version 也存在但无法执行
root@lelouch:~# whereis linux-version
linux-version: /usr/bin/linux-version /usr/share/man/man1/linux-version.1.gz
root@lelouch:~# /usr/bin/linux-version
bash: /usr/bin/linux-version: /usr/bin/perl: bad interpreter: No such file or directory
dpkg -C 给出以下内容
root@lelouch:~# dpkg -C
The following packages are only half configured, probably due to problems
configuring them the first time. The configuration should be retried using
dpkg --configure <package> or the configure menu option in dselect:
linux-firmware Firmware for Linux kernel drivers
The following packages are missing the list control file in the
database, they need to be reinstalled:
libc-bin GNU C Library: Binaries
libdns-export162 Exported DNS Shared Library
libgtk2.0-common common files for the GTK+ graphical user interface librar
libidn11:amd64 GNU Libidn library, implementation of IETF IDN specificat
libisc-export160 Exported ISC Shared Library
libncursesw5:amd64 shared libraries for terminal handling (wide character su
libnettle6:amd64 low level cryptographic library (symmetric and one-way cr
libnewt0.52:amd64 Not Erik's Windowing Toolkit - text mode windowing with s
libnih1:amd64 NIH Utility Library
libp11-kit0:amd64 library for loading and coordinating access to PKCS#11 mo
libpam-modules:amd64 Pluggable Authentication Modules for PAM
libpam-modules-bin Pluggable Authentication Modules for PAM - helper binarie
libpam-runtime Runtime support for the PAM library
libpam0g:amd64 Pluggable Authentication Modules library
libpcre3:amd64 Perl 5 Compatible Regular Expression Library - runtime fi
libpng12-0:amd64 PNG library - runtime
libpopt0:amd64 lib for parsing cmdline parameters
libprocps4:amd64 library for accessing process information from /proc
libpython3-stdlib:amd64 interactive high-level object-oriented language (default
libpython3.5:amd64 Shared Python runtime library (version 3.5)
libreadline6:amd64 GNU readline and history libraries, run-time libraries
libseccomp2:amd64 high level interface to Linux seccomp filter
libselinux1:amd64 SELinux runtime shared libraries
libsemanage-common Common files for SELinux policy management libraries
libsemanage1:amd64 SELinux policy management library
libsepol1:amd64 SELinux library for manipulating binary security policies
libslang2:amd64 S-Lang programming library - runtime version
libsqlite3-0:amd64 SQLite 3 shared library
libssl1.0.0:amd64 Secure Sockets Layer toolkit - shared libraries
libtasn1-6:amd64 Manage ASN.1 structures (runtime)
libtext-charwidth-perl get display widths of characters on the terminal
libustr-1.0-1:amd64 Micro string library: shared library
libuuid1:amd64 Universally Unique ID library
libxtables11:amd64 netfilter xtables library
linux-base Linux image base package
login system login tools
logrotate Log rotation utility
lsb-base Linux Standard Base init script functionality
lsb-release Linux Standard Base version reporting utility
makedev creates device files in /dev
mawk a pattern scanning and text processing language
mime-support MIME files 'mime.types' & 'mailcap', and support programs
mount tools for mounting and manipulating filesystems
ncurses-bin terminal-related programs and man pages
net-tools NET-3 networking toolkit
netbase Basic TCP/IP networking system
netcat-openbsd TCP/IP swiss army knife
python3.5 Interactive high-level object-oriented language (version
systemd system and service manager
udev /dev/ and hotplug management daemon
The following packages are missing the md5sums control file in the
database, they need to be reinstalled:
libncursesw5:amd64 shared libraries for terminal handling (wide character su
libnettle6:amd64 low level cryptographic library (symmetric and one-way cr
libnewt0.52:amd64 Not Erik's Windowing Toolkit - text mode windowing with s
libnih1:amd64 NIH Utility Library
libp11-kit0:amd64 library for loading and coordinating access to PKCS#11 mo
libpam-modules:amd64 Pluggable Authentication Modules for PAM
libpam-modules-bin Pluggable Authentication Modules for PAM - helper binarie
libpam-runtime Runtime support for the PAM library
libpam0g:amd64 Pluggable Authentication Modules library
libpcre3:amd64 Perl 5 Compatible Regular Expression Library - runtime fi
libpng12-0:amd64 PNG library - runtime
libpopt0:amd64 lib for parsing cmdline parameters
libprocps4:amd64 library for accessing process information from /proc
libpython3-stdlib:amd64 interactive high-level object-oriented language (default
libreadline6:amd64 GNU readline and history libraries, run-time libraries
libselinux1:amd64 SELinux runtime shared libraries
libsemanage-common Common files for SELinux policy management libraries
libsemanage1:amd64 SELinux policy management library
libsepol1:amd64 SELinux library for manipulating binary security policies
libslang2:amd64 S-Lang programming library - runtime version
libsmartcols1:amd64 smart column output alignment library
libsqlite3-0:amd64 SQLite 3 shared library
libss2:amd64 command-line interface parsing library
libtext-charwidth-perl get display widths of characters on the terminal
libtxc-dxtn-s2tc0:amd64 Texture compression library for Mesa
libustr-1.0-1:amd64 Micro string library: shared library
libuuid1:amd64 Universally Unique ID library
linux-base Linux image base package
login system login tools
logrotate Log rotation utility
lsb-base Linux Standard Base init script functionality
lsb-release Linux Standard Base version reporting utility
makedev creates device files in /dev
mawk a pattern scanning and text processing language
mime-support MIME files 'mime.types' & 'mailcap', and support programs
mount tools for mounting and manipulating filesystems
ncurses-base basic terminal type definitions
ncurses-bin terminal-related programs and man pages
net-tools NET-3 networking toolkit
netbase Basic TCP/IP networking system
netcat-openbsd TCP/IP swiss army knife
我猜断电把一切都搞乱了。关于它的一些背景知识。服务器位于由 proxmox 运行的虚拟机中。磁盘映像 (dcow2) 已损坏。我不得不使用 proxmox 工具修复它（qemu-img check -r all /var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2）。然后，我必须恢复 grub，因为它似乎已损坏。最后，我不得不运行一个，fsck -r因为服务器抱怨：
EXT4-fs error (device sda3): ext4_iget:4245: inode #1835722: comm rs:main Q:Reg: bad_extra_isize (20725 != 256)。 fsck 后，系统运行良好，并且存储在其上的文件似乎未损坏。
VM 主机上的任何日志都无法说明发生了什么情况。在服务器上，没有服务器崩溃时的系统日志。然而，unattended-upgrades-dpkg.log 显示了以下内容，之后没有任何内容，因此可能与崩溃有关：
Log started: 2018-02-15 06:35:35
(Reading database ... ^M(Reading database ... 5%^M(Reading database ... 10%^M(Reading database ... 15%^M(Reading database ... 20%^M(Reading database ... 25%^M(Reading database ... 30%^M(Reading database \
... 35%^M(Reading database ... 40%^M(Reading database ... 45%^M(Reading database ... 50%^M(Reading database ... 55%^M(Reading database ... 60%^M(Reading database ... 65%^M(Reading database ... 70%^M(Read\
ing database ... 75%^M(Reading database ... 80%^M(Reading database ... 85%^M(Reading database ... 90%^M(Reading database ... 95%^M(Reading database ... 100%^M(Reading database ... 109727 files and direct\
ories currently installed.)^M
Preparing to unpack .../libvorbisenc2_1.3.5-3ubuntu0.1_amd64.deb ...^M
Unpacking libvorbisenc2:amd64 (1.3.5-3ubuntu0.1) over (1.3.5-3) ...^M
Preparing to unpack .../libvorbis0a_1.3.5-3ubuntu0.1_amd64.deb ...^M
Unpacking libvorbis0a:amd64 (1.3.5-3ubuntu0.1) over (1.3.5-3) ...^M
Preparing to unpack .../linux-firmware_1.157.16_all.deb ...^M
Unpacking linux-firmware (1.157.16) over (1.157.14) ...^M
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu10) ...^M
Setting up libvorbis0a:amd64 (1.3.5-3ubuntu0.1) ...^M
Setting up libvorbisenc2:amd64 (1.3.5-3ubuntu0.1) ...^M
Setting up linux-firmware (1.157.16) ...^M
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-112-generic^M
W: mdadm: /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf defines no arrays.^M
Mdadm 看起来像这样：
# mdadm.conf
#
# Please refer to mdadm.conf(5) for information about this file.
#
# by default (built-in), scan all partitions (/proc/partitions) and all
# containers for MD superblocks. alternatively, specify devices to scan, using
# wildcards if desired.
#DEVICE partitions containers
# auto-create devices with Debian standard permissions
CREATE owner=root group=disk mode=0660 auto=yes
# automatically tag new arrays as belonging to the local system
HOMEHOST <system>
# instruct the monitoring daemon where to send mail alerts
MAILADDR root
# definitions of existing MD arrays
# This file was auto-generated on Sat, 10 Feb 2018 17:09:37 +0100
# by mkconf $Id$
有人知道如何修复吗？
答案1
磁盘映像损坏是相当不寻常的......
考虑到您需要重新安装的软件包数量，以及许多重要软件包受到影响的事实，我认为是时候从其他地方的虚拟机备份您需要的任何文件，并从头开始创建一个新的虚拟机了。这极有可能比尝试修复当前虚拟机花费的时间少得多。