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如何解决安装 PIP 时 SSL 证书错误？

tag-icon • tag-icon centos python ssl pip
如何解决安装 PIP 时 SSL 证书错误？

当我尝试使用从 bootstrap.pypa.io 下载的软件包安装 PIP 时，出现 SSL 证书错误。我关注了其他帖子，并尝试通过禁用证书签入/etc/python/cert-verification.cfg并尝试使用来做到这PYTHONHTTPSVERIFY=0一点，但这似乎不起作用，最后我决定问这个问题，因为其他帖子并不能真正帮助我的情况。

我有以下环境：

OS: centos-release-7-5.1804.1.el7.centos.x86_64

Python 包：

[root@localhost ~]# yum list installed|grep python
dbus-python.x86_64                    1.1.1-9.el7                    @anaconda
libselinux-python.x86_64              2.5-12.el7                     @anaconda
newt-python.x86_64                    0.52.15-4.el7                  @anaconda
python.x86_64                         2.7.5-69.el7_5                 @updates
python-backports.x86_64               1.0-8.el7                      @base
python-backports-ssl_match_hostname.noarch
python-configobj.noarch               4.7.2-7.el7                    @anaconda
python-decorator.noarch               3.4.0-3.el7                    @anaconda
python-firewall.noarch                0.4.4.4-14.el7                 @anaconda
python-gobject-base.x86_64            3.22.0-1.el7_4.1               @anaconda
python-iniparse.noarch                0.4-9.el7                      @anaconda
python-ipaddress.noarch               1.0.16-2.el7                   @base
python-libs.x86_64                    2.7.5-69.el7_5                 @updates
python-linux-procfs.noarch            0.4.9-3.el7                    @anaconda
python-perf.x86_64                    3.10.0-862.9.1.el7             @updates
python-pycurl.x86_64                  7.19.0-19.el7                  @anaconda
python-pyudev.noarch                  0.15-9.el7                     @anaconda
python-schedutils.x86_64              0.4-6.el7                      @anaconda
python-setuptools.noarch              0.9.8-7.el7                    @base
python-slip.noarch                    0.4.0-4.el7                    @anaconda
python-slip-dbus.noarch               0.4.0-4.el7                    @anaconda
python-urlgrabber.noarch              3.10-8.el7                     @anaconda
python-wheel.noarch                   0.24.0-2.el7                   @epel
rpm-python.x86_64                     4.11.3-32.el7                  @anaconda

以下是步骤和错误：

[root@localhost ~]# curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -o get-pip.py
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 1604k  100 1604k    0     0  73257      0  0:00:22  0:00:22 --:--:-- 72502
[root@localhost ~]#

[root@localhost ~]# PYTHONHTTPSVERIFY=0 python get-pip.py
Collecting pip
  Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError(SSLError(1, u'[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:579)'),)': /packages/5f/25/e52d3f31441505a5f3af41213346e5b6c221c9e086a166f3703d2ddaf940/pip-18.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
  Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError(SSLError(1, u'[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:579)'),)': /packages/5f/25/e52d3f31441505a5f3af41213346e5b6c221c9e086a166f3703d2ddaf940/pip-18.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
  Retrying (Retry(total=2, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError(SSLError(1, u'[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:579)'),)': /packages/5f/25/e52d3f31441505a5f3af41213346e5b6c221c9e086a166f3703d2ddaf940/pip-18.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
  Retrying (Retry(total=1, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError(SSLError(1, u'[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:579)'),)': /packages/5f/25/e52d3f31441505a5f3af41213346e5b6c221c9e086a166f3703d2ddaf940/pip-18.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
  Retrying (Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError(SSLError(1, u'[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:579)'),)': /packages/5f/25/e52d3f31441505a5f3af41213346e5b6c221c9e086a166f3703d2ddaf940/pip-18.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Could not install packages due to an EnvironmentError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /packages/5f/25/e52d3f31441505a5f3af41213346e5b6c221c9e086a166f3703d2ddaf940/pip-18.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (Caused by SSLError(SSLError(1, u'[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:579)'),))

我想补充一点，Python 是随操作系统预安装的，我正在尝试直接安装 PIP。我尝试从 epel-repo 安装，但我得到的是旧版本，当我尝试更新它时（因为没有更新，我在安装新版本的 PIP 时不断收到错误）我得到相同的错误。

有人能建议如何解决这个问题吗？

答案1

你的情况有些不对劲。我只是在 CentOS 7.5 VM 中执行了与您完全相同的命令，并且它们运行没有问题：

操作系统版本 
$ cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core)
下载 
$ curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -o get-pip.py
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 1604k  100 1604k    0     0  1676k      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 1676k
安装 
$ PYTHONHTTPSVERIFY=0 python get-pip.py
Collecting pip
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5f/25/e52d3f31441505a5f3af41213346e5b6c221c9e086a166f3703d2ddaf940/pip-18.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.3MB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 1.3MB 7.4MB/s
Collecting wheel
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/81/30/e935244ca6165187ae8be876b6316ae201b71485538ffac1d718843025a9/wheel-0.31.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (41kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 51kB 4.4MB/s
Installing collected packages: pip, wheel
  Found existing installation: pip 10.0.1
    Uninstalling pip-10.0.1:
      Successfully uninstalled pip-10.0.1
Successfully installed pip-18.0 wheel-0.31.1

解决方法

要解决此问题，您可以在 Linux/Unix 上修改以下文件以告诉pip仅信任此主机：

$ cat ~/.pip/pip.conf
[global]
trusted-host = files.pythonhosted.org
               bootstrap.pypa.io

或者只是一次性完成：bootstrap.pypa.io

我为什么需要这个？

您所在的国家/地区或公司防火墙可能会将自身作为受信任的主机插入，并干扰数据来源的实际主机。这通常会对 SSL 证书造成严重破坏，因为它们包含明确创建的主机/域名。

调试技巧

当您在使用 Python 时遇到此类问题时，您始终可以通过-vvv开关启用详细日志记录：

$ PYTHONHTTPSVERIFY=0 python -vvv get-pip.py |& less
# installing zipimport hook
import zipimport # builtin
# installed zipimport hook
# trying /usr/lib64/python2.7/site.so
# trying /usr/lib64/python2.7/sitemodule.so
# trying /usr/lib64/python2.7/site.py
# /usr/lib64/python2.7/site.pyc matches /usr/lib64/python2.7/site.py
import site # precompiled from /usr/lib64/python2.7/site.pyc
# trying /usr/lib64/python2.7/os.so
# trying /usr/lib64/python2.7/osmodule.so
...
import pip._vendor.html5lib._ihatexml # loaded from Zip /tmp/tmpYDym4g/pip.zip/pip/_vendor/html5lib/_ihatexml.py
import pip._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders.etree # loaded from Zip /tmp/tmpYDym4g/pip.zip/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree.py
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5f/25/e52d3f31441505a5f3af41213346e5b6c221c9e086a166f3703d2ddaf940/pip-18.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.3MB)
Installing collected packages: pip
  Found existing installation: pip 18.0
    Uninstalling pip-18.0:
      Successfully uninstalled pip-18.0
...

get-pip.py通过这样做，您可以看到脚本被绊倒的URL 。

参考

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