我正在尝试安装一些需要编译的 python 3 模块（例如 regex、cytoolsz、spacy），但它们都失败并出现与下面（底部）相同的错误。我尝试使用下面的 grep 检查“limits.h”是否存在。我已经重新安装了 gcc、g++ build-essentials、python3-dev 等，但没有效果。
我使用的是 Ubuntu 18.10。
dpkg -s gcc
Package: gcc
Status: install ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: devel
Installed-Size: 50
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email protected]>
Architecture: amd64
Source: gcc-defaults (1.179ubuntu1)
Version: 4:8.2.0-1ubuntu1
Provides: c-compiler, gcc-x86-64-linux-gnu (= 4:8.2.0-1ubuntu1)
Depends: cpp (= 4:8.2.0-1ubuntu1), gcc-8 (>= 8.2.0-4~)
Recommends: libc6-dev | libc-dev
Suggests: gcc-multilib, make, manpages-dev, autoconf, automake, libtool, flex, bison, gdb, gcc-doc
Conflicts: gcc-doc (<< 1:2.95.3)
Description: GNU C compiler
This is the GNU C compiler, a fairly portable optimizing compiler for C.
.
This is a dependency package providing the default GNU C compiler.
Original-Maintainer: Debian GCC Maintainers <[email protected]>
查看：
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -xc -E -v /dev/null
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none
OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 8.2.0-7ubuntu1' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-8/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-8 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --with-sysroot=/ --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-libmpx --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --with-target-system-zlib --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 8.2.0 (Ubuntu 8.2.0-7ubuntu1)
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-E' '-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/cc1 -E -quiet -v -imultiarch x86_64-linux-gnu /dev/null -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/local/include/x86_64-linux-gnu"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include
/usr/local/include
/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu
/usr/include
End of search list.
# 1 "/dev/null"
# 1 "<built-in>"
# 1 "<command-line>"
# 31 "<command-line>"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4
# 32 "<command-line>" 2
# 1 "/dev/null"
COMPILER_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/
LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../lib/:/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-E' '-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
查看：
dpkg -S limits.h | grep linux
linux-headers-4.18.0-15: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-15/include/linux/dynamic_queue_limits.h
linux-libc-dev:amd64: /usr/include/linux/limits.h
linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8/include/uapi/linux/limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-14: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-14/include/linux/drbd_limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-15: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-15/arch/arm/include/asm/limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-14: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-14/include/uapi/linux/limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-14: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-14/include/linux/dynamic_queue_limits.h
libgcc-8-dev:amd64: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed/limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-14: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-14/arch/arm/include/asm/limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-15: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-15/include/linux/drbd_limits.h
linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8/include/linux/drbd_limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-15: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-15/include/uapi/linux/limits.h
linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8/include/linux/dynamic_queue_limits.h
linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8/arch/arm/include/asm/limits.h
libgcc-8-dev:amd64: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed/syslimits.h
错误：
sudo pip3 install regex
The directory '/home/mac/.cache/pip/http' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
The directory '/home/mac/.cache/pip' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and caching wheels has been disabled. check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
Collecting regex
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9a/6f/8c1479c781bbc94394f9c4e33ad4139068bcc6a1b018c5a5525471262b8a/regex-2019.02.18.tar.gz (643kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 645kB 813kB/s
Installing collected packages: regex
Running setup.py install for regex ... error
Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-n16bk3y6/regex/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-z1rqj4ab-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile:
/home/mac/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py:475: UserWarning: Normalizing '2019.02.18' to '2019.2.18'
normalized_version,
running install
running build
running build_py
creating build
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
copying regex_3/regex.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
copying regex_3/_regex_core.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
copying regex_3/test_regex.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
running build_ext
building '_regex' extension
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/regex_3
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c regex_3/_regex.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/regex_3/_regex.o
In file included from /usr/include/python3.6m/Python.h:11,
from regex_3/_regex.c:48:
/usr/include/limits.h:124:26: error: no include path in which to search for limits.h
# include_next <limits.h>
^
In file included from regex_3/_regex.c:48:
/usr/include/python3.6m/Python.h:14:2: error: #error "Something's broken. UCHAR_MAX should be defined in limits.h."
#error "Something's broken. UCHAR_MAX should be defined in limits.h."
^~~~~
/usr/include/python3.6m/Python.h:18:2: error: #error "Python's source code assumes C's unsigned char is an 8-bit type."
#error "Python's source code assumes C's unsigned char is an 8-bit type."
^~~~~
In file included from /usr/include/python3.6m/Python.h:25,
from regex_3/_regex.c:48:
/usr/include/stdio.h:33:10: fatal error: stddef.h: No such file or directory
#include <stddef.h>
^~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
----------------------------------------
Command "/usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-n16bk3y6/regex/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-z1rqj4ab-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-n16bk3y6/regex/
两者linux-libc-dev都已libc6-dev安装，我也尝试重新安装两者。我的PATH是：
$ echo $PATH
/home/mac/.opam/system/bin:/home/mac/.local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin
我还尝试启动到较早的内核 4.18.0，但结果是相同的。
答案1
分析（你可以跳过它，但它可能有助于将来诊断类似问题）
您的 GCC 抱怨缺少limits.h引用自/usr/include/limits.h(其他 limits.h文件）：
/usr/include/limits.h:124:26: error: no include path in which to search for limits.h
通过检查/usr/include/limits.h我们可以看到以下内容：
$ sed -n 117,125p /usr/include/limits.h
/* Get the compiler's limits.h, which defines almost all the ISO constants.
We put this #include_next outside the double inclusion check because
it should be possible to include this file more than once and still get
the definitions from gcc's header. */
#if defined __GNUC__ && !defined _GCC_LIMITS_H_
/* `_GCC_LIMITS_H_' is what GCC's file defines. */
# include_next <limits.h>
#endif
换句话说，libclimits.h包括其他 limits.h由编译器本身提供。使用该apt-file工具和一些常识，我们可以确定您需要的包是libgcc-8-dev：
$ apt-file search /limits.h | grep gcc-8
libgcc-8-dev: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed/limits.h
...
您的dpkg查询列出了已安装的包和文件：
$ dpkg -S limits.h | grep linux
libgcc-8-dev:amd64: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed/limits.h
...
然而，GCC 抱怨缺少目录：
$ x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -xc -E -v /dev/null
...
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed"
结论和修复
所有这些可能意味着libgcc-8-dev您的系统上的软件包以某种方式损坏了。要恢复它，请运行：
$ sudo apt-get install --reinstall libgcc-8-dev
（您可能需要替换8为您拥有的适当的主要 GCC 版本）
一般来说，如果您不记得limits.h从系统中手动删除或以任何其他方式修改 GCC 安装，那么检查文件系统的一致性和硬盘驱动器的运行状况可能是个好主意。