管道缓冲区有多大?

管道缓冲区有多大?

作为评论我很困惑为什么 makefile 中的“| true”与“|| true”具有相同的效果用户西杰姆写道:

另一个要避免的原因| true是,如果命令产生足够的输出来填满管道缓冲区,它将阻塞等待 true 来读取它。

我们有什么方法可以找出管道缓冲区的大小吗?

答案1

管道缓冲区的容量因系统而异(甚至在同一系统上也可能不同)。我不确定是否有一种快速、简单且跨平台的方法来查找管道的容量。

例如,Mac OS X 默认使用 16384 字节的容量,但如果对管道进行大量写入,则可以切换到 65336 字节的容量,或者如果已经有太多内核内存,则可以切换到单个系统页面的容量。被管道缓冲区使用(参见xnu/bsd/sys/pipe.h, 和xnu/bsd/kern/sys_pipe.c;因为它们来自 FreeBSD,所以同样的行为也可能发生)。

一个Linux管道(7)手册页表示自 Linux 2.6.11 起管道容量为 65536 字节,在此之前为单个系统页面(例如(32 位)x86 系统上为 4096 字节)。代码 (include/linux/pipe_fs_i.h, 和fs/pipe.c)似乎使用 16 个系统页面(即,如果系统页面为 4 KiB,则为 64 KiB),但每个管道的缓冲区可以通过福康特尔在管道上(最大容量默认为 1048576 字节,但可以通过更改/proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size))。


这里有一点巴什/珀尔我用来测试系统上管道容量的组合:

#!/bin/bash
test $# -ge 1 || { echo "usage: $0 write-size [wait-time]"; exit 1; }
test $# -ge 2 || set -- "$@" 1
bytes_written=$(
{
    exec 3>&1
    {
        perl -e '
            $size = $ARGV[0];
            $block = q(a) x $size;
            $num_written = 0;
            sub report { print STDERR $num_written * $size, qq(\n); }
            report; while (defined syswrite STDOUT, $block) {
                $num_written++; report;
            }
        ' "$1" 2>&3
    } | (sleep "$2"; exec 0<&-);
} | tail -1
)
printf "write size: %10d; bytes successfully before error: %d\n" \
    "$1" "$bytes_written"

以下是我在 Mac OS X 10.6.7 系统上以各种写入大小运行它时发现的结果(请注意大于 16KiB 的写入的变化):

% /bin/bash -c 'for p in {0..18}; do /tmp/ts.sh $((2 ** $p)) 0.5; done'
write size:          1; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:          2; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:          4; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:          8; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:         16; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:         32; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:         64; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:        128; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:        256; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:        512; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:       1024; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:       2048; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:       4096; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:       8192; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:      16384; bytes successfully before error: 16384
write size:      32768; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:      65536; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:     131072; bytes successfully before error: 0
write size:     262144; bytes successfully before error: 0

Linux 3.19 上的相同脚本:

/bin/bash -c 'for p in {0..18}; do /tmp/ts.sh $((2 ** $p)) 0.5; done'
write size:          1; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:          2; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:          4; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:          8; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:         16; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:         32; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:         64; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:        128; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:        256; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:        512; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:       1024; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:       2048; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:       4096; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:       8192; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:      16384; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:      32768; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:      65536; bytes successfully before error: 65536
write size:     131072; bytes successfully before error: 0
write size:     262144; bytes successfully before error: 0

注意:PIPE_BUFC 头文件中定义的值(以及路径配置的值_PC_PIPE_BUF),不指定管道的容量,而是指定可以原子写入的最大字节数(请参阅POSIX写(2))。

引用自include/linux/pipe_fs_i.h:

/* Differs from PIPE_BUF in that PIPE_SIZE is the length of the actual
   memory allocation, whereas PIPE_BUF makes atomicity guarantees.  */

答案2

此 shell 行也可以显示管道缓冲区大小:

M=0; while true; do dd if=/dev/zero bs=1k count=1 2>/dev/null; \
       M=$(($M+1)); echo -en "\r$M KB" 1>&2; done | sleep 999

(发送 1k 块到阻塞管道,直到缓冲区满)...一些测试输出:

64K (intel-debian), 32K (aix-ppc), 64K (jslinux bellard.org)      ...Ctrl+C.

使用 printf 的最短 bash-one-liner:

M=0; while printf A; do >&2 printf "\r$((++M)) B"; done | sleep 999

答案3

以下是仅使用 shell 命令探索实际管道缓冲区容量的一些进一步替代方案:

# get pipe buffer size using Bash
yes produce_this_string_as_output | tee >(sleep 1) | wc -c

# portable version
( (sleep 1; exec yes produce_this_string_as_output) & echo $! ) | 
     (pid=$(head -1); sleep 2; kill "$pid"; wc -c </dev/stdin)

# get buffer size of named pipe
sh -c '
  rm -f fifo
  mkfifo fifo
  yes produce_this_string_as_output | tee fifo | wc -c &
  exec 3<&- 3<fifo
  sleep 1
  exec 3<&-
  rm -f fifo
'

# Mac OS X
#getconf PIPE_BUF /
#open -e /usr/include/limits.h /usr/include/sys/pipe.h
# PIPE_SIZE
# BIG_PIPE_SIZE
# SMALL_PIPE_SIZE
# PIPE_MINDIRECT

答案4

如果您需要 Python>=3.3 中的值,这里有一个简单的方法(假设您可以运行 call out to dd):

from subprocess import Popen, PIPE, TimeoutExpired
p = Popen(["dd", "if=/dev/zero", "bs=1"], stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
try: 
    p.wait(timeout=1)
except TimeoutExpired: 
    p.kill()
    print(len(p.stdout.read()))

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