我正在尝试使用 pip 为 PyAstronomy 安装一个外部库：
pip install PyAstronomy_ext
我通过 Anaconda 命令提示符执行此操作。第一次运行该命令时出现以下错误：
building 'PyAstronomy_ext.forTrans.occultnl' extension
error: extension 'PyAstronomy_ext.forTrans.occultnl' has Fortran sources but no Fortran compiler found
----------------------------------------
Failed building wheel for PyAstronomy-ext
和
Command "c:\users\matte\anaconda3\python.exe -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='C:\\Users\\matte\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-5pkiwi34\\PyAstronomy-ext\\setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record C:\Users\matte\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-record-bok3jklv\install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile" failed with error code 1 in C:\Users\matte\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-5pkiwi34\PyAstronomy-ext\
所以我在网上查了一下，发现了这个话题。我安装了MinGW，下载了所有与Fortran相关的软件包，为了确保万无一失，我还编写了一个测试脚本，并使用gFortran对其进行了编译，结果运行良好。
当我尝试再次运行安装时，出现了同样的错误。
这回答还提到了这一点：
安装后，将其二进制文件的路径添加到系统 PATH。
但我不明白这是什么意思，我尝试运行安装命令，C:\MinGW\bin但出现了同样的错误。
如果您需要包含错误的整个控制台对话框：
Collecting PyAstronomy_ext
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/32/11/27b1fee690d7d5801580da2c25145a6fcce3ad3d0a1b8c41de09d5615825/PyAstronomy_ext-1.tar.gz
Requirement already satisfied: numpy in c:\users\matte\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from PyAstronomy_ext) (1.16.0)
Requirement already satisfied: six in c:\users\matte\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from PyAstronomy_ext) (1.11.0)
Building wheels for collected packages: PyAstronomy-ext
Building wheel for PyAstronomy-ext (setup.py) ... error
Complete output from command c:\users\matte\anaconda3\python.exe -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='C:\\Users\\matte\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-cg99ug7_\\PyAstronomy-ext\\setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" bdist_wheel -d C:\Users\matte\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-wheel-0gj25_97 --python-tag cp36:
running bdist_wheel
running build
running config_cc
unifing config_cc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --compiler options
running config_fc
unifing config_fc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --fcompiler options
running build_src
build_src
building extension "PyAstronomy_ext.forTrans.occultnl" sources
f2py options: []
adding 'build\src.win-amd64-3.6\build\src.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans\fortranobject.c' to sources.
adding 'build\src.win-amd64-3.6\build\src.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans' to include_dirs.
building extension "PyAstronomy_ext.forTrans.occultquad" sources
f2py options: []
adding 'build\src.win-amd64-3.6\build\src.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans\fortranobject.c' to sources.
adding 'build\src.win-amd64-3.6\build\src.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans' to include_dirs.
adding 'build\src.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans\occultquad-f2pywrappers.f' to sources.
build_src: building npy-pkg config files
running build_py
creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.6
creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext
copying PyAstronomy_ext\__init__.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext
creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans
copying PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans\__init__.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans
running build_ext
No module named 'numpy.distutils._msvccompiler' in numpy.distutils; trying from distutils
customize MSVCCompiler
customize MSVCCompiler using build_ext
get_default_fcompiler: matching types: '['gnu', 'intelv', 'absoft', 'compaqv', 'intelev', 'gnu95', 'g95', 'intelvem', 'intelem', 'flang']'
customize GnuFCompiler
Could not locate executable g77
Could not locate executable f77
customize IntelVisualFCompiler
Could not locate executable ifort
Could not locate executable ifl
customize AbsoftFCompiler
Could not locate executable f90
customize CompaqVisualFCompiler
Could not locate executable DF
customize IntelItaniumVisualFCompiler
Could not locate executable efl
customize Gnu95FCompiler
Could not locate executable gfortran
Could not locate executable f95
customize G95FCompiler
Could not locate executable g95
customize IntelEM64VisualFCompiler
customize IntelEM64TFCompiler
Could not locate executable efort
Could not locate executable efc
customize PGroupFlangCompiler
Could not locate executable flang
don't know how to compile Fortran code on platform 'nt'
warning: build_ext: f77_compiler=None is not available.
building 'PyAstronomy_ext.forTrans.occultnl' extension
error: extension 'PyAstronomy_ext.forTrans.occultnl' has Fortran sources but no Fortran compiler found
----------------------------------------
Failed building wheel for PyAstronomy-ext
Running setup.py clean for PyAstronomy-ext
Failed to build PyAstronomy-ext
Installing collected packages: PyAstronomy-ext
Running setup.py install for PyAstronomy-ext ... error
Complete output from command c:\users\matte\anaconda3\python.exe -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='C:\\Users\\matte\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-cg99ug7_\\PyAstronomy-ext\\setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record C:\Users\matte\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-record-5q39xvki\install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile:
running install
running build
running config_cc
unifing config_cc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --compiler options
running config_fc
unifing config_fc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --fcompiler options
running build_src
build_src
building extension "PyAstronomy_ext.forTrans.occultnl" sources
f2py options: []
adding 'build\src.win-amd64-3.6\build\src.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans\fortranobject.c' to sources.
adding 'build\src.win-amd64-3.6\build\src.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans' to include_dirs.
building extension "PyAstronomy_ext.forTrans.occultquad" sources
f2py options: []
adding 'build\src.win-amd64-3.6\build\src.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans\fortranobject.c' to sources.
adding 'build\src.win-amd64-3.6\build\src.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans' to include_dirs.
adding 'build\src.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans\occultquad-f2pywrappers.f' to sources.
build_src: building npy-pkg config files
running build_py
creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.6
creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext
copying PyAstronomy_ext\__init__.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext
creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans
copying PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans\__init__.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.6\PyAstronomy_ext\forTrans
running build_ext
No module named 'numpy.distutils._msvccompiler' in numpy.distutils; trying from distutils
customize MSVCCompiler
customize MSVCCompiler using build_ext
get_default_fcompiler: matching types: '['gnu', 'intelv', 'absoft', 'compaqv', 'intelev', 'gnu95', 'g95', 'intelvem', 'intelem', 'flang']'
customize GnuFCompiler
Could not locate executable g77
Could not locate executable f77
customize IntelVisualFCompiler
Could not locate executable ifort
Could not locate executable ifl
customize AbsoftFCompiler
Could not locate executable f90
customize CompaqVisualFCompiler
Could not locate executable DF
customize IntelItaniumVisualFCompiler
Could not locate executable efl
customize Gnu95FCompiler
Could not locate executable gfortran
Could not locate executable f95
customize G95FCompiler
Could not locate executable g95
customize IntelEM64VisualFCompiler
customize IntelEM64TFCompiler
Could not locate executable efort
Could not locate executable efc
customize PGroupFlangCompiler
Could not locate executable flang
don't know how to compile Fortran code on platform 'nt'
warning: build_ext: f77_compiler=None is not available.
building 'PyAstronomy_ext.forTrans.occultnl' extension
error: extension 'PyAstronomy_ext.forTrans.occultnl' has Fortran sources but no Fortran compiler found
----------------------------------------
Command "c:\users\matte\anaconda3\python.exe -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='C:\\Users\\matte\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-cg99ug7_\\PyAstronomy-ext\\setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record C:\Users\matte\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-record-5q39xvki\install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile" failed with error code 1 in C:\Users\matte\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-cg99ug7_\PyAstronomy-ext\
编辑：我能够通过进行一些挖掘来解决这个问题，我必须写入以下内容的distutils.cfg文件：C:\...\Anaconda3\Lib\distutils
[build]
compiler=mingw32
然后从 Anaconda 提示符运行以下命令：
conda install libpython
conda install -c msys2 m2w64-toolchain
此后pip install PyAstronomy_ext一切顺利。
我把它留在这里以防有人遇到这个问题。