我有一个 8TB 的 Seagate Archive 硬盘，上面有几个坏扇区。不过，我目前还负担不起更换它的费用。我暂时尝试使用坏块来“修复”它，但这需要很长时间：
# badblocks -b 4096 -nvs /dev/sdd
Checking for bad blocks in non-destructive read-write mode
From block 0 to 1953506645
Checking for bad blocks (non-destructive read-write test)
Testing with random pattern: 14.28% done, 82:45:36 elapsed. (0/0/0 errors)
它已经运行了 3.5 天，但只达到了 14%。应该还需要 21 天。我做错了什么？有没有可能让它运行得更快？
CPU 和 RAM 使用率似乎正常。
这是 SMART 报告：
# smartctl -a /dev/sdd
smartctl 6.6 2017-11-05 r4594 [x86_64-linux-4.18.0-2-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-17, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Archive HDD
Device Model: ST8000AS0002-1NA17Z
Serial Number: #########
LU WWN Device Id: #########
Firmware Version: RT17
User Capacity: 8,001,563,222,016 bytes [8.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5980 rpm
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-2, ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 3b
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Mon Aug 12 01:58:39 2019 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 957) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x30b5) SCT Status supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 113 099 006 Pre-fail Always - 53146800
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 093 090 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 536
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 16
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 061 047 030 Pre-fail Always - 189036925963
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 078 078 000 Old_age Always - 19486
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 098 098 020 Old_age Always - 2331
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 072 072 000 Old_age Always - 28
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 097 097 000 Old_age Always - 3
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 058 052 045 Old_age Always - 42 (Min/Max 38/45)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 054 054 000 Old_age Always - 92104
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 029 029 000 Old_age Always - 143183
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 042 048 000 Old_age Always - 42 (0 17 0 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 113 099 000 Old_age Always - 53146800
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 094 094 000 Old_age Always - 2168
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 094 094 000 Old_age Offline - 2168
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 13141 (67 108 0)
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 26109744918
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 197934360042
SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 28 (device log contains only the most recent five errors)
CR = Command Register [HEX]
FR = Features Register [HEX]
SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
ER = Error register [HEX]
ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.
Error 28 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 19364 hours (806 days + 20 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 53 00 ff ff ff 0f Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0fffffff = 268435455
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:21.805 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:21.805 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:21.805 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:21.804 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:21.804 READ FPDMA QUEUED
Error 27 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 19364 hours (806 days + 20 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 53 00 ff ff ff 0f Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0fffffff = 268435455
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 50 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:18.678 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 50 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:18.677 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 50 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:18.675 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:18.675 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 10 10 0a 00 40 00 00:50:18.674 READ FPDMA QUEUED
Error 26 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 19364 hours (806 days + 20 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 53 00 ff ff ff 0f Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0fffffff = 268435455
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 50 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:15.772 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 50 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:15.771 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 50 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:15.768 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 50 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:15.765 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 10 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:15.751 READ FPDMA QUEUED
Error 25 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 19364 hours (806 days + 20 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 53 00 ff ff ff 0f Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0fffffff = 268435455
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 50 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:12.728 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:12.727 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:12.726 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:12.724 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:12.723 READ FPDMA QUEUED
Error 24 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 19364 hours (806 days + 20 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 53 00 ff ff ff 0f Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0fffffff = 268435455
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 10 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:06.069 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 10 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:06.069 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 10 10 0a 00 40 00 00:50:06.068 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:06.068 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 ff ff ff 4f 00 00:50:06.068 READ FPDMA QUEUED
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Completed: read failure 10% 9998 -
# 2 Extended offline Interrupted (host reset) 00% 9983 -
# 3 Short offline Completed without error 00% 2566 -
# 4 Short offline Completed without error 00% 2431 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
我唯一能想到的是，该驱动器是 SATA 3（6 Gbps），而当前安装它的计算机仅支持 SATA 2（3 Gbps）。我不认为这是问题所在，不过，24 天似乎太长了。
答案1
初步说明：由于Reallocated_Sector_Ct和相当大，Current_Pending_Sector在尝试使用“修复”磁盘之前，我会备份所有重要数据badblocks。
从man 8 badblocks：
-b block_size
指定块的大小（以字节为单位）。默认值为1024。
-c number of blocks
是一次测试的块数。默认值为64。
您的选择-b是明智的：4096很可能是您设备的物理扇区大小。
您的选择（缺乏）-c就没那么幸运了。默认值使badblocks操作在 64 × 4096 = 256k 的块上进行。
考虑到非破坏性读写测试的badblocks工作原理，我声明该工具需要按顺序读取 256k、写入 256k、读取 256k 和写入 256k 到磁盘的同一区域。并且的整个目的badblocks要求它绕过它可以绕过的任何缓存；否则会优化此类操作的缓存。
从这四个动作来看，第一个读取可能来自缓存，最后一个写入理论上可能被缓存并推迟；但第一个写入操作和第二个读取操作必须与磁盘盘片进行物理交互。也许所有四个操作都需要。写入和读取如此小的块会使整个过程变慢。
考虑-c大幅增加。我会选择至少4096或8192；它们会分别给我 16M 或 32M 的块。
如果badblocks在一个物理扇区中遇到写入错误，我希望它将数据写入块的所有其他扇区（与丢弃整个块相反）；因此只有最少量的数据丢失。磁盘可能会重新映射故障扇区，因此不会丢失任何数据。在这种情况下，大块应该和小块一样安全。我承认我没有测试过这一点。
但如果发生任何严重故障（例如断电），则可能会导致整个块（或部分块）损坏。在这种情况下，小块更安全。
如果我是你，我会考虑以下步骤：
- 用于
iotop了解当前进程的具体速度badblocks。 - 暂停
badblocks进程（Ctrl+ Z）。badblocks应该足够智能，可以在块之间暂停，而不是在处理块的中间暂停。 badblocks在单独的控制台中运行另一个，这次使用较大的-c。- 用 监控其性能
iotop。 - 决定下一步做什么：
- 如果新的速度
badblocks不是更快：- 轻轻地终止新的
badblocks（Ctrl+ C）；该工具应该足够智能，可以在块之间终止，而不是在处理块的中间终止。 - 返回旧控制台并恢复旧
badblocks（fg）。
- 轻轻地终止新的
- 如果新的
badblocks更快：- 返回旧控制台并终止旧的
badblocks（kill %+）。 - 让新的
badblocks工作更快完成。
- 返回旧控制台并终止旧的
- 如果新的速度