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绘制这棵树的更有效的方法是什么？

tag-icon • tag-icon tikz-trees tikz-qtree forest
绘制这棵树的更有效的方法是什么？

我在 TikZ 中绘制了以下树。我不喜欢的是

  1. 我必须手动调整sibling distance每个级别；并且
  2. 语法太繁琐。

@percusse 和 @AlanMunn 建议我使用tikz-qtreeand/orforest可能是一种更有效的方式来产生相同的结果。但我没有使用这两个包的经验。

如果有人可以使用其中任何一个包重现我的例子那就太好了，这样我就可以快速地从例子中学习，而不必阅读 150 页的手册来寻找答案。

在此处输入图片描述

\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{amsmath}

\begin{document}

\tikzset{
  % Two node styles for game trees: solid and hollow
  solid node/.style={circle,draw,inner sep=1.2,fill=black},
  hollow node/.style={circle,draw,inner sep=1.2},
}

% macro for entering payoffs
\newcommand\payoff[1]{
  $\begin{pmatrix} #1 \end{pmatrix}$
}

\begin{tikzpicture}[font=\footnotesize]
  \tikzset{
    level 1/.style={level distance=15mm,sibling distance=65mm},
    level 2/.style={level distance=15mm,sibling distance=30mm},
    level 3/.style={level distance=15mm,sibling distance=15mm},
    level 4/.style={level distance=15mm,sibling distance=10mm},
  }

  \node[hollow node,label=above:{Nature}]{}
    child{node[solid node,label=left:{P1}]{}
      child{node(l1)[solid node]{}
        child{node[solid node,label=below:{\payoff{1\\-1}}]{}edge from parent node[left]{L}}
        child{node[solid node,label=below:{\payoff{0\\0}}]{}edge from parent node[right]{R}}
        edge from parent node[left]{U}
      }
      child{node(l2)[solid node]{}
        child{node[solid node,label=below:{\payoff{0\\0}}]{}edge from parent node[left]{L}}
        child{node[solid node,label=below:{\payoff{2\\-2}}]{}edge from parent node[right]{R}}
        edge from parent node[right]{D}
      }
      edge from parent node[left,xshift=-10]{A}
    }
    child{node[solid node,label=right:{P1}]{}
      child{node(r1)[solid node]{}
        child{node[solid node,label=below:{\payoff{-2\\2}}]{}edge from parent node[left]{L}}
        child{node[solid node,label=below:{\payoff{0\\0}}]{}edge from parent node[right]{R}}
        edge from parent node[left]{U}
      }
      child{node(r2)[solid node]{}
        child{node[solid node,label=below:{\payoff{0\\0}}]{}edge from parent node[left]{L}}
        child{node[solid node,label=below:{\payoff{-1\\1}}]{}edge from parent node[right]{R}}
        edge from parent node[right]{D}
      }
      edge from parent node[right,xshift=10]{B}
    }
  ;

  \draw[dashed](l1)--(l2)--node[midway,above]{P2}(r1)--(r2);
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

答案1

由于这个答案涉及不同的包，我单独添加了它。这是使用该forest包的解决方案。原理相似，但我认为一旦你习惯了语法，使用这个包绘制树可能会更容易一些。

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{forest}
\usepackage{amsmath}

\tikzset{
  % Two node styles for game trees: solid and hollow
  solid node/.style={circle,draw,inner sep=1.2,fill=black},
  hollow node/.style={circle,draw,inner sep=1.2},
  % styles for long branch labels
  left label/.style={above left,midway},
  right label/.style={above right,midway}
}

% macro for entering payoffs
\newcommand\payoff[1]{
  $\begin{pmatrix} #1 \end{pmatrix}$
}
\begin{document}

\begin{forest}
[ ,for tree={s sep=.5in},label={Nature},hollow node
  [ ,for tree={solid node},edge label={node[left label]{A}}
        [ ,name=P2left,edge label={node[left label] {U}}
          [ ,label={below:\payoff{1\\-1}},edge label={node[left,midway] {L}} ]
          [ ,label={below:\payoff{0\\0}},edge label={node[right,midway] {R}} ] ]
        [ ,edge label={node[right label] {D}}
          [ ,label={below:\payoff{0\\0}},edge label={node[left,midway] {L}} ]
          [ ,label={below:\payoff{2\\-2}},edge label={node[right,midway] {R}} ] ]   
  ]
  [ ,for tree={solid node},edge label={node[right label]{B}}
  [ ,edge label={node[left label] {U}}
        [ ,label={below:\payoff{-2\\2}},,edge label={node[left,midway] {L}} ]
        [ ,label={below:\payoff{0\\0}},,edge label={node[right,midway] {R}} ]    
    ]
  [ ,name=P2right,edge label={node[right label] {D}}
    [ ,label={below:\payoff{0\\0}}, edge label={node[left,midway] {L}} ]
        [ ,label={below:\payoff{-1\\1}},,edge label={node[right,midway] {R}} ] ]
  ]
]
\draw[dashed] (P2left) --  node[above] {P2} (P2right);
\end{forest}
\end{document}

代码输出

答案2

这不是您想要的答案，但是......

我（滥用）使用自动机包编写游戏树，因为它的结构和语法比所有可用的树包更直观。

这就是我实现示例的方式。（注：稍后您可以使用选项对其进行调整，以标记信息集而不是节点位置的节点。您还可以使用在和出去选项边缘。

\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{external,automata,trees,positioning,shadows,arrows,shapes.geometric}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',shorten >=1pt,auto,node distance=3cm,semithick]
\tikzstyle{every state}=[fill,draw=none,green,text=white,circular drop shadow]
\tikzstyle{accepting}=[circle split, draw,text=black,inner sep=0.05cm]
\tikzstyle{initial}=[red,text=white]

 \node[state,initial]   (0)  {Nature};
 \node[state]           (A) [below left of=0]  {P1};
 \node[state]               (B) [below right of=0] {P1};
 \node[state]           (AU) [left of=A]  {P2};
 \node[state]           (AD) [below of=A] {P2};
 \node[state]           (BU) [below  of=B]  {P2};
 \node[state]           (BD) [right of=B] {P2};
 \node[accepting]    (AUL) [above left of=AU] {$1$\nodepart{lower}$-1$};
 \node[accepting]    (AUR) [below left of=AU] {$0$\nodepart{lower}$0$};
 \node[accepting]    (ADL) [left of=AD]  {2\nodepart{lower}-2};
 \node[accepting]    (ADR) [below of=AD] {0\nodepart{lower}0};
 \node[accepting]    (BUL) [below of=BU]   {2\nodepart{lower}-2};
 \node[accepting]    (BUR) [right of=BU] {0\nodepart{lower}0};
 \node[accepting]    (BDL) [below right of=BD]  {0\nodepart{lower}0};
 \node[accepting]    (BDR) [above right of=BD] {$1$\nodepart{lower}$-1$};

\path(0) edge node[above]{A}(A) edge node[above]{B}(B);
\path(A) edge node[above]{U}(AU) edge node[left]{D}(AD);
\path(B) edge node[right]{U}(BU) edge node[above]{D}(BD);
\path(AU) edge node[above]{L}(AUL) edge node[left]{R}(AUR);
\path(AD) edge node[above left]{L}(ADL) edge node[right]{R}(ADR);
\path(BU) edge node[left]{L}(BUL) edge node[above]{R}(BUR);
\path(BD) edge node[below left]{L}(BDL) edge node[above left]{R}(BDR);
\path(AU) edge [-,dotted,thick,bend right] (AD);
\path(AD) edge [-,dotted,thick] (BU);
\path(BU) edge [-,dotted,thick,bend right] (BD);

 \end{tikzpicture}

在此处输入图片描述

答案3

这种树不太容易画，tikz-qtree因为它是为绘制语言树而设计的，而语言树的分支几乎从未被标记过。要用它标记一条边，tikz-qtree你必须分别绘制每条边。所以很难说下面的例子是否tikz-qtree对你有帮助，但至少它应该向你展示如何可以用包来做这样的树。

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}
\usepackage{amsmath}

\tikzset{
  % Two node styles for game trees: solid and hollow
  solid node/.style={circle,draw,inner sep=1.2,fill=black},
  hollow node/.style={circle,draw,inner sep=1.2},
}

% macro for entering payoffs
\newcommand\payoff[1]{
  $\begin{pmatrix} #1 \end{pmatrix}$
}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[every level 0 node/.style={draw,hollow node},
                   every level 1 node/.style={draw,solid node},
                   every level 2 node/.style={draw,solid node},
                   every level 3 node/.style={draw,solid node},
                   level distance=.65in,
                   edge from parent path={(\tikzparentnode) -- (\tikzchildnode)}]
\Tree [.\node[label={Nature}]{};  
        \edge node [auto=right ] {A}; [.\node[label=left:P1]{};
            \edge node [auto=right] {U}; [.\node (P2left) {};
                \edge node[auto=right] {L}; [.\node [label=below:{\payoff{1\\-1}}] {}; ]
                \edge node[auto=left] {R}; [.\node [label=below:{\payoff{0\\0}}] {}; ]]
            \edge node [auto=left] {D}; [.{} 
                \edge node[auto=right] {L}; [.\node [label=below:{\payoff{0\\0}}] {}; ]
                \edge node[auto=left] {R}; [.\node [label=below:{\payoff{2\\-2}}] {}; ]]] 
        \edge node [auto=left] {B}; [.\node[label=right:P2]{};
        \edge node [auto=right] {U}; [.{}
                \edge node[auto=right] {L}; [.\node [label=below:{\payoff{-2\\2}}] {}; ]
                \edge node[auto=left] {R}; [.\node [label=below:{\payoff{0\\0}}] {}; ]]
            \edge node [auto=left] {D}; [.\node (P2right) {}; 
                \edge node[auto=right] {L}; [.\node [label=below:{\payoff{0\\0}}] {}; ]
                \edge node[auto=left] {R}; [.\node [label=below:{\payoff{-1\\1}}] {}; ]]] ]
        ] 
\draw[dashed] (P2left) --  node[above] {P2} (P2right);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

代码输出

答案4

这是使用istgame包裹，它基于 TikZ。由于istgame环境与环境几乎相同，因此您可以使用环境tikzpicture中可用的任何命令和选项。tikzpictureistgame

在此处输入图片描述

\documentclass{standalone}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{istgame}

\begin{document}

\begin{istgame}
\xtShowEndPoints
\xtdistance{15mm}{50mm}
\istroot(0)[initial node]{Nature}
  \istb{A}[al]
  \istb{B}[ar]
  \endist
\xtdistance{15mm}{24mm}
\istroot(l)(0-1)<135>{P1}
  \istb{U}[l]
  \istb{D}[r]
  \endist
\istroot(r)(0-2)<45>{P1}
  \istb{U}[l]
  \istb{D}[r]
  \endist
\xtdistance{15mm}{12mm}
\istroot(l1)(l-1)
  \istb{L}[l]{\binom{1}{-1}}
  \istb{R}[r]{\binom{0}{0}}
  \endist
\istroot(l2)(l-2)
  \istb{L}[l]{\binom{0}{0}}
  \istb{R}[r]{\binom{2}{-2}}
  \endist
\istroot(r1)(r-1)
  \istb{L}[l]{\binom{-2}{2}}
  \istb{R}[r]{\binom{0}{0}}
  \endist
\istroot(r2)(r-2)
  \istb{L}[l]{\binom{0}{0}}
  \istb{R}[r]{\binom{-1}{1}}
  \endist
\xtInfoset[dashed](l1)(r2){P2}
\end{istgame}

\end{document}

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