我第一次尝试使用 biber/biblatex，但遇到了一些问题。当我从 TeXShop 内部调用我的文档上的 biber 时，该过程似乎挂起了，控制台中出现以下内容：
INFO - This is Biber 1.8
INFO - Logfile is 'Main.blg'
INFO - Reading 'Main.bcf'
INFO - Found 1 citekeys in bib section 0
INFO - Processing section 0
INFO - Looking for bibtex format file 'Padraic.bib' for section 0
它要查找的 bib 文件位于我的本地 texmf 树中。这是我使用多年的主参考书目文件（使用 BibDesk 管理）。
如果我将 biblatex 后端切换到 bibtex 并在 TeXShop 中调用该引擎，那么一切都正常工作。
此外，我尝试使用调试选项从命令行运行 biber 并得到以下输出：
INFO - This is Biber 1.8
INFO - Logfile is 'Main.blg'
INFO - DEBUG mode: all messages are logged to 'Main.blg'
INFO - Reading 'Main.bcf'
INFO - Found 1 citekeys in bib section 0
INFO - Processing section 0
INFO - Looking for bibtex format file 'Padraic.bib' for section 0
INFO - Found BibTeX data source '/Users/RPS/Library/texmf/bibtex/bib/Padraic.bib'
Abort trap: 6
因此在这种情况下似乎找到了来源，但我不知道中止错误意味着什么。
关于我应该做些什么不同的事情，您有什么想法吗？
Mac OS 10.8.5 TeXShop 3.36
编辑：
将 bib 文件移动到主文档文件夹会导致命令行出现相同的错误，但 TeXShop 在控制台中不显示任何内容。
梅威瑟：
% !BIB program = biber
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage[notes,backend=biber,noibid]{biblatex-chicago}
\addbibresource{Test.bib}
\author{Br.\ Samuel Springuel}
\title{Argument Analysis of \emph{Meno} 78b--79e}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
~\autocite{Dancy:2006}
\printbibliography
\end{document}
导致其出错的 bib 文件是：
%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk.
%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/
%% Created for R. Padraic Springuel at 2014-04-06 15:08:02 -0400
%% Saved with string encoding Western (ASCII)
@article{Dancy:2006,
Abstract = {This study investigates the effect of computer animation on assessment and the conditions under which animation may improve or hinder assessment of conceptual understanding in physics. An instrument was developed by replacing static pictures and descriptions of motion with computer animations on the Force Concept Inventory, a commonly used pencil and paper test. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The animated and static versions of the test were given to students and the results were statistically analyzed. Think-aloud interviews were also conducted to provide additional insight into the statistical findings. We found that good verbal skills tended to increase performance on the static version but not on the animated version of the test. In general, students had a better understanding of the intent of the question when viewing an animation and gave an answer that was more indicative of their actual understanding, as reflected in separate interviews. In some situations this led students to the correct answer and in others it did not. Overall, we found that animation can improve assessment under some conditions by increasing the validity of the instrument.},
Annote = {From the conclusions, animations are good under the following conditions:
"1) The animation is an integral part of the question and not just a good-looking addition. Students should have a need to use the animation to answer the question. From this it follows that questions about motion are the best candidates for animation. This result supports the findings of earlier research.
2) It is likely that the static form of the question could be misread or misinterpreted in a way that could be clarified by an animation. If a question is vague, or unclear to a student, then the response that student gives may not be reflective of his or her understanding. Perhaps the greatest benefit offered by animation is that it can significantly decrease such problems. This is especially true for students with poor verbal skills.
3) Students are likely to answer a question based on what they remember rather than what they know and understand. In this case the animation is helpful if it is not as recognizable to the student as the static question."},
Author = {Dancy, Melissa H. and Beichner, Robert J.},
Date-Added = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.2.010104},
Journal = {Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research},
Number = {010104},
Pages = {1-7},
Read = {Yes},
Title = {Impact of animation on assessment of conceptual understanding in physics},
Url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.2.010104},
Volume = {2},
Year = {2006},
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@article{Finkelstein:2005a,
Abstract = {We report a detailed study of the implementation of Tutorials in Introductory Physics at a large-scale research institution. Based on two successive semesters of evaluation, we observe students' improved conceptual mastery force and motion concept evaluation median normalized gain 0.77, N = 336, albeit with some student discontent. We replicate the results of original studies of tutorial effectiveness and document how and why these results occur. Additionally, using the Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey we measure the support of students' expertlike beliefs about learning physics in our environment. We examine this implementation from a viewpoint that emphasizes varying contextual levels of this implementation, from students' engagement in individual tasks, to the situations in which these tasks are embedded, to the broader classroom, departmental, and educational structures. We document both obvious and subtle features that help ensure the successful implementation of these reforms.},
Annote = {Implementation of UW tutorials at Colorado. Success comperable to that seen at UW.
CLASS results which show that attitude and learning gains are correlated.
Succesful adoption of a methodology involves more than just an adoption of material. It als involves adoption, adaptation, and reinvention of the larger cultural/enviromental factors that made the original implementation successful.
},
Author = {Finkelstein, Noah D. and Pollock, S. J.},
Date-Added = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.1.010101},
Journal = {Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research},
Number = {010101},
Pages = {1-13},
Read = {Yes},
Title = {Replicating and understanding successful innovations: Implementing tutorials in introductory physics},
Url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.1.010101},
Volume = {1},
Year = {2005},
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@article{Hake:1998,
Abstract = {A survey of pre/post-test data using the Halloun -- Hestenes Mechanics Diagnostic test or more recent Force Concept Inventory is reported for 62 introductory physics courses enrolling a total number of students N=6542. A consistent analysis over diverse student populations in high schools, colleges, and universities is obtained if a rough measure of the average effectiveness of a course in promoting conceptual understanding is taken to be the average normalized gain <g>. The latter is defined as the ratio of the actual average gain (%<post>-%<pre>) to the maximum possible average gain (100-%<pre>) . Fourteen ``traditional'' ( T ) courses (N=2084) which made little or no use of interactive-engagement IE methods achieved an average gain <g>_{T - ave}= 0.23+/-0.04 (std dev). In sharp contrast, 48 courses (N=4458) which made substantial use of IE methods achieved an average gain <g>_{IE-ave}=0.48+/-0.14 (std dev), almost two standard deviations of g IE-ave above that of the traditional courses. Results for 30 (N=3259) of the above 62 courses on the problem-solving Mechanics Baseline test of Hestenes -- Wells imply that IE strategies enhance problem-solving ability. The conceptual and problem-solving test results strongly suggest that the classroom use of IE methods can increase mechanics-course effectiveness well beyond that obtained in traditional practice.},
Annote = {Big colation of FCI data showing that interactive engagement is better than traditional instruction.
Considerable effort spent on showing that systematic errors did not influence the results},
Author = {Hake, Richard R.},
Date-Added = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Doi = {10.1119/1.18809},
Journal = {American Journal of Physics},
Month = {January},
Number = {1},
Pages = {64-74},
Read = {Yes},
Title = {Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.18809},
Volume = {66},
Year = {1998},
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@article{Lee:2008,
Abstract = {We investigate short-term learning from hints and feedback in a Web-based physics tutoring system. Both the skill of students and the difficulty and discrimination of items were determined by applying item response theory IRT to the first answers of students who are working on for-credit homework items in an introductory Newtonian physics course. We show that after tutoring a shifted logistic item response function with lower discrimination fits the students' second responses to an item previously answered incorrectly. Student skill decreased by 1.0 standard deviation when students used no tutoring between their incorrect first and second attempts, which we attribute to ``item-wrong bias.'' On average, using hints or feedback increased students' skill by 0.8 standard deviation. A skill increase of 1.9 standard deviation was observed when hints were requested after viewing, but prior to attempting to answer, a particular item. The skill changes measured in this way will enable the use of IRT to assess students based on their second attempt in a tutoring environment.},
Annote = {Item response theory used to show learning and how learning was different along different trajectories through a tutorial system.
Extension of IRT beyond basic skill assessment after a single test.},
Author = {Lee, Young-Jin and Palazzo, David J. and Warnakulasooriya, Rasil and Pritchard, David E.},
Date-Added = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.4.010102},
Journal = {Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research},
Number = {010102},
Pages = {1-6},
Read = {Yes},
Title = {Measuring student learning with item response theory},
Url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.4.010102},
Volume = {4},
Year = {2008},
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@article{Mobley:2007,
Abstract = {The ultrasonic attenuation coefficient, phase velocity, and group velocity spectra are reported for a suspension that supports negative group velocities. The suspension consists of plastic microspheres with an average radius of 80 m in an aqueous medium at a volume fraction of 3%. The spectra are measured using a broadband method covering a range from 2 to 20 MHz. The suspension exhibits negative group delays over a band near 4.5 MHz, with the group velocity magnitude exceeding 4.3 x 10^8 m/s at one point. The causal consistency of these results is confirmed using Kramers-Kronig relations.},
Annote = {Breaking the speed of light.},
Author = {Mobley, Joel and Heithau, Robert Evans},
Date-Added = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Journal = {PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS},
Number = {124301},
Pages = {1-4},
Title = {Ultrasonic Properties of a Suspension of Microspheres Supporting Negative Group Velocities},
Volume = {99},
Year = {2007},
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@article{Podolefsky:2007,
Abstract = {This paper describes a model of analogy, analogical scaffolding, which explains present and prior results of student learning with analogies. We build on prior models of representation, blending, and layering of ideas. Extending this model's explanatory power, we propose ways in which the model can be applied to design a curriculum directed at teaching abstract ideas in physics using multiple, layered analogies. We report on a recent empirical study that motivates this model. Students taught about electromagnetic waves in a curriculum that builds on the model of analogical scaffolding posted substantially greater gains pre- to postinstruction than students taught using a more traditional non-analogy-based tutorial 21% vs 7%. },
Annote = {Provides a model of how analogical reasoning is done
Shows that students taught with analogy do better than students not taught with analogy
Analogy cirriculum was designed based on model
Did not show that model based analogical instruction outperforms other analgocial instruction.},
Author = {Podolefsky, Noah S. and Finkelstein, Noah D.},
Date-Added = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.3.010109},
Journal = {Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research},
Month = {June},
Number = {010109},
Pages = {1-12},
Read = {Yes},
Title = {Analogical scaffolding and the learning of abstract ideas in physics: An example from electromagnetic waves},
Url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.3.010109},
Volume = {3},
Year = {2007},
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@article{Thornton:2009,
Abstract = {In this paper we compare and contrast student's pretest/post-test performance on the Halloun-Hestenes force concept inventory FCI to the Thornton-Sokoloff force and motion conceptual evaluation FMCE. Both tests are multiple-choice assessment instruments whose results are used to characterize how well a first term, introductory physics course promotes conceptual understanding. However, the two exams have slightly different content domains, as well as different representational formats; hence, one exam or the other might better fit the interests of a given instructor or researcher. To begin the comparison, we outline how to determine a single-number score for the FMCE and present ranges of normalized gains on this exam. We then compare scores on the FCI and the FMCE for approximately 2000 students enrolled in the Studio Physics course at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute over a period of eight years 1998--2006 that encompassed significant evolution of the course and many different instructors. We found that the mean score on the FCI is significantly higher than the mean score on the FMCE, however there is a very strong relationship between scores on the two exams. The slope of a best fit line drawn through FCI versus FMCE data is approximately 0.54, and the correlation coefficient is approximately r = 0.78, for preinstructional and postinstructional testings combined. In spite of this strong relationship, the assessments measure different normalized gains under identical circumstances. Additionally, students who scored well on one exam did not necessarily score well on the other. We use this discrepancy to uncover some subtle, but important, differences between the exams. We also present ranges of normalized gains for the FMCE in a variety of instructional settings.},
Annote = {Scoring the FMCE (out of 33 points):
5, 6, 15, 33, 35, 37, 39, 44, 45, 46, & 47 don't count
27-29, 11-13, and 8-10 are scored as a group with 2 points for getting all three correct and 0 otherwise
other questions are 1 point per
Paper accepts Ramlo as validating the FMCE
FCI covers more topics in similar number of questions and therefore is easier to score higher on
FCI better at evaluating overall progress in Intro Physics; FMCE better at evaluating progress towards Newtonian concept of forces},
Author = {Thornton, Ronald K. and Kuhl, Dennis and Cummings, Karen and Marx, Jeffrey},
Date-Added = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2014-04-06 19:07:59 +0000},
Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.5.010105},
Journal = {Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Numpages = {8},
Pages = {010105},
Publisher = {American Physical Society},
Read = {Yes},
Title = {Comparing the force and motion conceptual evaluation and the force concept inventory},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.5.010105},
Volume = {5},
Year = {2009},
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据我所知，我的主 bib 文件中的这些条目并没有什么独特之处（除了它们触发错误）。这些条目中也没有任何在至少一个其他条目中未出现的特征。
答案1
根据上述评论中的互动，我能够让所有 7 个条目正常工作，并将它们移回我的主要数据库。此外，只要我没有复制和粘贴它们，我就可以重新输入导致问题的abstract和字段。annote
为了让其他人能够找到这个问题的答案，我在这里总结了我采取的步骤：
1) 首先，确定导致问题的条目。正如 Paul 上面所建议的，最好的方法是拆分 bib 文件，然后测试拆分。编译正确的拆分中只有好的条目。导致错误的拆分至少包含一个坏条目。继续此过程，直到您确定了所有坏条目。
2) 编辑错误条目以删除有问题的字段。最有可能的罪魁祸首是摘要和注释字段。我认为，这主要是因为这些字段中有太多文本。但是，我怀疑通过复制/粘贴填充的任何字段都可能导致问题。为确保您删除了正确的字段，我建议您边走边测试。您可能还想将删除的信息复制到文本文档或其他 bib 数据库中，以免丢失它。
3) 一旦所有条目都正常工作，您就可以开始重新填写删除的信息。此过程请勿使用复制/粘贴！就我而言，重新输入摘要使我能够将所有信息重新放入 bib 数据库中，而不会损坏条目。再次，边做边测试。
感谢@PaulGessler、@jon 和@meowe 的帮助。
答案2
我自己也遇到了同样的问题。但是，我的数据库有近 400 个条目；尝试找到有问题的条目将是一项艰巨的任务。@jon 关于未转义的 LaTeX 特殊字符的评论启发我在 .bib 文件中搜索此类字符。
我没有发现任何未转义的 LaTeX 特殊字符，但在此过程中我做过使用 Textwrangler 的“显示不可见字符”功能发现 120 个“其他不可打印字符”；这些字符显示为倒置的问号。具体来说，它们都是十六进制字符 \x{00}。快速查找并替换这些字符解决了我的问题。Biber 现在可以正确处理 .bcf 文件，生成 .bbl 文件，我的文档现在可以按预期进行编译。
虽然我没有任何未转义的 LaTeX 特殊字符，这也可能会导致同样的问题，但在文本编辑器中搜索这些已知字符可能比尝试隔离特定的违规 bib 条目更有成效。
此外，关于@rpspringuel 的回答中关于复制/粘贴的评论——我认为这肯定是我遇到的问题的原因。我确信我从 PDF 文档中的选定文本中复制了摘要，这会复制隐藏的、不可打印的字符，例如 \x{00}。