绘制与给定线垂直的特定长度的线段

绘制与给定线垂直的特定长度的线段

我有一个典型的几何结构,我想用 来绘制它TikZ。以下代码给出了一条线段PQ。我如何在垂直于并穿过 的TikZ线上绘制一个点,该点位于线段下方的单位处?我认为我必须在序言中使用它才能做到这一点。(我想将此点标记为 R 并绘制直角三角形。)如果我想用 来表示三角形是直角三角形,我必须在序言中使用它吗?PQP2\sqrt{2}PQ\usetikzlibrary{calc}QPR\tkzMarkRightAngle(Q,P,R);\usepackage{tkz-euclide}

\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{shapes,positioning,intersections,quotes}


\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}

\draw[yellow, line width=0.1pt] (-1.75,-1.75) grid[xstep=0.5, ystep=0.5]  (2.75,1.75);
\draw[draw=gray!30,latex-latex] (0,1.75) +(0,0.25cm) node[above right] {$y$} -- (0,-1.75) -- +(0,-0.25cm);
\draw[draw=gray!30,latex-latex] (-1.75,0) +(-0.25cm,0) -- (2.75,0) -- +(0.25cm,0) node[below right] {$x$};

\node[outer sep=0pt,circle, fill,inner sep=1.5pt,label={[fill=white]left:$P$}] (P) at (-1,-1) {};
\node[outer sep=0pt,circle, fill,inner sep=1.5pt, label={[fill=white]right:$Q$}] (Q) at (2,1) {};

\draw[green!20!white] (P) -- (Q);

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

答案1

检查代码中的解释性注释:

\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage{tikz}

%% you need the following 2 lines to use \tkzMarkRightAngle
%\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
%\usetkzobj{all}

\usetikzlibrary{shapes,positioning,intersections,quotes,calc}


\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}

\draw[yellow, line width=0.1pt] (-1.75,-5) grid[xstep=0.5, ystep=0.5]  (2.75,1.75);
\draw[draw=gray!30,latex-latex] (0,1.75) +(0,0.25cm) node[above right] {$y$} -- (0,-1.75) -- +(0,-0.25cm);
\draw[draw=gray!30,latex-latex] (-1.75,0) +(-0.25cm,0) -- (2.75,0) -- +(0.25cm,0) node[below right] {$x$};

\node[outer sep=0pt,circle, fill,inner sep=1.5pt,label={[fill=white]left:$P$}] (P) at (-1,-1) {};
\node[outer sep=0pt,circle, fill,inner sep=1.5pt, label={[fill=white]right:$Q$}] (Q) at (2,1) {};

\draw[green!20!white] (P) -- (Q);

%% the perpendicular
\pgfmathparse{2*sqrt(5)}
\node[outer sep=0pt,circle, fill,inner sep=1.5pt,label={[fill=white]left:$R$}] (R) at ($ (P)!\pgfmathresult cm! -90:(Q) $) {};
\draw[green!20!white] (P) -- (R) -- (Q);


%% right angle with tkz-euclide
%\coordinate (p) at (P);
%\tkzMarkRightAngle[color=green!20!white](Q,p,R)
%\fill (p) circle (2.1pt);  %% to make the dot above right angle again.

\coordinate (a) at ($ (P)!5mm! -45:(Q) $);
\draw[green!20!white] (a) -- ($(P)!(a)!(Q)$);
\draw[green!20!white] (a) -- ($(P)!(a)!(R)$);

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

答案2

为了回答您的问题,tikz 几乎通过 pgfmathparse 运行所有内容,它看起来更像 C 代码:2 * sqrt(5),顺便说一下,在默认比例下超过 4 厘米。($(P)!1!90:(Q)$)表示从(P)开始,从到(Q)的方向以 90 度(逆时针)移动 1 倍距离到(Q)。

\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{shapes,positioning,intersections,quotes,calc}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}

\draw[yellow, line width=0.1pt] (-1.75,-1.75) grid[xstep=0.5, ystep=0.5]  (2.75,1.75);
\draw[draw=gray!30,latex-latex] (0,1.75) +(0,0.25cm) node[above right] {$y$} -- (0,-1.75) -- +(0,-0.25cm);
\draw[draw=gray!30,latex-latex] (-1.75,0) +(-0.25cm,0) -- (2.75,0) -- +(0.25cm,0) node[below right] {$x$};

\node[outer sep=0pt,circle, fill,inner sep=1.5pt,label={[fill=white]left:$P$}] (P) at (-1,-1) {};
\node[outer sep=0pt,circle, fill,inner sep=1.5pt, label={[fill=white]right:$Q$}] (Q) at (2,1) {};

\draw[green!20!white] (P) -- (Q);

\coordinate (R) at ($(P)!2cm*sqrt(5)!-90:(Q)$);
\node[outer sep=0pt,circle, fill,inner sep=1.5pt, label={[fill=white]right:$R$}] at(R) {};

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

计算使用情况

答案3

实际上,您不必使用\usepackage{tkz-euclide}。 它只是为您提供了\tkzMarkRightAngle(Q,P,R)比纯 更简单的构造tikz,但这也可以相对轻松地使用 only 实现,tikz就像@HarishKumar 所做的那样。 此外,使用styles 作为轴和点可以使代码更简洁。

\documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\begin{document}\small

\begin{tikzpicture}[outer sep=0pt,p/.style={circle, fill,inner sep=1.5pt},ax/.style={draw=gray!50,latex-latex}]
\draw[yellow,line width=0.1pt] (-2.75cm,-1.75cm) grid[xstep=0.5, ystep=0.5]  (2.75cm,1.75cm);
\draw[ax](0,1.75cm) +(0,0.25cm) node[above] {$y$} -- (0,-1.75cm) -- +(0,-0.25cm);
\draw[ax](-2.75cm,0) +(-0.25cm,0) -- (2.75cm,0) -- +(0.25cm,0) node[right] {$x$};
\coordinate[p,label={[fill=white]below:$P$}] (P) at (-1cm,-1cm);
\coordinate[p,label={[fill=white]right:$Q$}] (Q) at (2cm,1cm);
\coordinate[p,label={[fill=white]left :$R$}] (R) at ($(P)!{2cm*sqrt(2)}!90:(Q)$);
\draw (P)--(R)--(Q)--(P)--cycle;
\coordinate (a) at ($(P)!4mm!45:(Q)$);
\draw ($(P)!(a)!(Q)$) -- (a) -- ($(P)!(a)!(R)$);
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

答案4

对于那些有兴趣的人来说,一种方法(其中包括)MetaPost

点 R 使得 PR 垂直于 PQ 且位于2\sqrt{2}PQ 下方距 P 单位处,由以下指令给出(u这里为单位长度cm):

 R = P + 2u*sqrt2*unitvector(Q-P) rotated -90;

anglebetweenMetaPost 的宏元乐趣如果参数设置为 2 ,格式允许在两个相交线段之间轻松绘制直角标记P--QP--R第三个参数是标签,这里是一个空字符串)。如果anglemethod此参数的默认值为 1,则标记将为圆弧。标记的所需长度应作为另一个参数的参数给出anglelength(默认为 20 pt)。

  anglemethod := 2; anglelength := 2mm;
  draw anglebetween(P--Q, P--R, "");

Metafun 手册,第 279 页,了解详细介绍。

\documentclass[border=2mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{luamplib}
  \mplibsetformat{metafun}
  \mplibtextextlabel{enable}
\begin{document}
  \begin{mplibcode}
    % Axes parameters
    u := cm; % Unit length
    xmin := -1.75u; xstep := .5u; xmax := 2.75u; 
    ymin := -5u; ystep := xstep; ymax := 1.75u;
    % Triangle summits
    pair P, Q, R; P = u*(-1, -1); Q = u*(2, 1); 
    R = P + 2u*sqrt2*unitvector(Q-P) rotated -90;
    beginfig(1);
      % Grid
      drawoptions(withcolor yellow);
      for i = ceiling(xmin/xstep) upto floor(xmax/xstep):
        draw (i*xstep, ymin) -- (i*xstep, ymax);
      endfor 
      for j = ceiling(ymin/ystep) upto floor(ymax/ystep):
        draw (xmin, j*ystep) -- (xmax, j*ystep);
      endfor
      % Axes
      drawoptions(withcolor .8white);
      drawarrow (xmin, 0) -- (xmax, 0); 
      drawarrow (0, ymin) -- (0, ymax); 
      % Triangle
      drawoptions(withcolor green);
      path triangle; triangle = P--Q--R--cycle; draw triangle;
      % Right-angle mark of length 2 mm (and no label)
      anglemethod := 2; anglelength := 2mm;
      draw anglebetween(P--Q, P--R, "");
      % Labels
      drawoptions();
      label.bot("$x$", (xmax, 0)); label.lft("$y$", (0, ymax));
      dotlabel.lft("$P$", P); dotlabel.rt("$Q$", Q); dotlabel.bot("$R$", R);
    endfig;
  \end{mplibcode}
\end{document}

使用 LuaLaTeX 排版。输出:

在此处输入图片描述

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