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如何用 tikz 创建交叉产品？

tag-icon • tag-icon tikz-pgf graphics
如何用 tikz 创建交叉产品？

我怎样才能创建像图中这样的交叉产品。

在此处输入图片描述

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[line width=.7pt]
\draw [->] (-.2,0)node[below]{$o$}--(4.5,0)node[below]{$x$};
\draw [->] (0,-.2)--(0,2)node[left]{$y$};

\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

答案1

这至少是一个起点：

\documentclass[border=10pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[line width=.7pt,x={(1,0)}, y={(0,1)}, z={(-0.5,-0.5)}]
\coordinate (O)  at (0,0,0);
\coordinate (Ax) at (3,0,0);
\coordinate (Ay) at (0,3,0);
\coordinate (Az) at (0,0,3);
\coordinate (A)  at (3,3,3);
\coordinate (AO) at (3,0,3);

% Draw axes
\foreach \c/\l/\p in {{4.5,0,0}/x/right, {0,4.5,0}/y/above, {0,0,4.5}/z/below left}{
 \draw (O) -- +(\c) node[\p] {$\l$};
}

% Draw vectors
\foreach \c/\l/\p in {Ax/$A_{x}$/above, Ay/$A_{y}$/left, Az/$A_{z}$/above left}{
 \draw[->,thick] (O) -- +(\c) node[pos=0.7,\p] {\l};
}
\draw[->] (O) -- node[pos=0.7,above left] {$\vec{A}$} (A);

% Draw helping lines
\draw[help lines,dashed] (Az) -- ++(Ax) -- (Ax) (O) -- (AO) -- (A) -- (Ay);

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

输出

它通过在“纸张空间”中定义单位向量来利用 TikZ 内置的伪 3D 功能。

答案2

在你的绘图上，我看到的只是分解的向量。当你想得到斜基向量的余基时，你需要叉积。

我使用 tikz-3dplot，并创建了宏来获取交叉积。使用它，当两个向量由球面坐标指定时，可以很容易地获取和绘制它们的交叉积

% takes two points as {r}{anglefromz}{anglefromx} and calculates cross product of their location vectors
\newcommand{\tdcrossproduct}[7]{%
%
\tdplotsinandcos{\firstsinthetavec}{\firstcosthetavec}{#2}%
\tdplotsinandcos{\firstsinphivec}{\firstcosphivec}{#3}%
\def\firstx{ #1 * \firstsinthetavec * \firstcosphivec }%
\def\firsty{ #1 * \firstsinthetavec * \firstsinphivec }%
\def\firstz{ #1 * \firstcosthetavec }%
%
\tdplotsinandcos{\secondsinthetavec}{\secondcosthetavec}{#5}%
\tdplotsinandcos{\secondsinphivec}{\secondcosphivec}{#6}%
\def\secondx{ #4 * \secondsinthetavec * \secondcosphivec }%
\def\secondy{ #4 * \secondsinthetavec * \secondsinphivec }%
\def\secondz{ #4 * \secondcosthetavec }%
%
\def\crossz{ \firstx * \secondy - \firsty * \secondx }%
\def\crossx{ \firsty * \secondz - \firstz * \secondy }%
\def\crossy{ \firstz * \secondx - \firstx * \secondz }%
\coordinate (#7) at (\crossx, \crossy, \crossz);%
}

结果如下

斜基及其共基

完整代码

\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{book}

\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{papersize={150mm,200mm}}
\geometry{tmargin=1.5cm,bmargin=1.5cm,lmargin=1.5cm,rmargin=1.5cm}

\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{bm}
\usepackage[e]{esvect}

\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-3dplot} % it needs tikz-3dplot.sty in same folder
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,arrows.meta}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings,decorations.pathmorphing}

\makeatletter
\newcommand*\dotp{\mathpalette\dotp@{.5}}
\newcommand*\dotp@[2]{\mathbin{\vcenter{\hbox{\scalebox{#2}{$\m@th#1\bullet$}}}}}
\makeatother
\newcommand\dotdotp{\dotp\hspace{-0.16em}\dotp\hspace{0.20em}}

\usepackage{nicefrac}

\pagestyle{empty}

\begin{document}

% takes two points as {r}{anglefromz}{anglefromx} and calculates cross product of their location vectors
\newcommand{\tdcrossproduct}[7]{%
%
\tdplotsinandcos{\firstsinthetavec}{\firstcosthetavec}{#2}%
\tdplotsinandcos{\firstsinphivec}{\firstcosphivec}{#3}%
\def\firstx{ #1 * \firstsinthetavec * \firstcosphivec }%
\def\firsty{ #1 * \firstsinthetavec * \firstsinphivec }%
\def\firstz{ #1 * \firstcosthetavec }%
%
\tdplotsinandcos{\secondsinthetavec}{\secondcosthetavec}{#5}%
\tdplotsinandcos{\secondsinphivec}{\secondcosphivec}{#6}%
\def\secondx{ #4 * \secondsinthetavec * \secondcosphivec }%
\def\secondy{ #4 * \secondsinthetavec * \secondsinphivec }%
\def\secondz{ #4 * \secondcosthetavec }%
%
\def\crossz{ \firstx * \secondy - \firsty * \secondx }%
\def\crossx{ \firsty * \secondz - \firstz * \secondy }%
\def\crossy{ \firstz * \secondx - \firstx * \secondz }%
\coordinate (#7) at (\crossx, \crossy, \crossz);%
}

% calculates dot product of location vectors of two points
\newcommand{\tddotproduct}[7]{%
%
\tdplotsinandcos{\firstsinthetavec}{\firstcosthetavec}{#2}%
\tdplotsinandcos{\firstsinphivec}{\firstcosphivec}{#3}%
\def\firstx{ #1 * \firstsinthetavec * \firstcosphivec }%
\def\firsty{ #1 * \firstsinthetavec * \firstsinphivec }%
\def\firstz{ #1 * \firstcosthetavec }%
%
\tdplotsinandcos{\secondsinthetavec}{\secondcosthetavec}{#5}%
\tdplotsinandcos{\secondsinphivec}{\secondcosphivec}{#6}%
\def\secondx{ #4 * \secondsinthetavec * \secondcosphivec }%
\def\secondy{ #4 * \secondsinthetavec * \secondsinphivec }%
\def\secondz{ #4 * \secondcosthetavec }%
%
\pgfmathsetmacro{#7}{ \firstx * \secondx + \firsty * \secondy + \firstz * \secondz }%
}

% takes three points as {r}{anglefromz}{anglefromx} and calculates triple product r1 × r2 • r3 of their location vectors
% the result is placed into \LastThreeDTripleProduct
\newcommand{\tdtripleproduct}[9]{%
%
\tdplotsinandcos{\firstsinthetavec}{\firstcosthetavec}{#2}%
\tdplotsinandcos{\firstsinphivec}{\firstcosphivec}{#3}%
\def\firstx{ #1 * \firstsinthetavec * \firstcosphivec }%
\def\firsty{ #1 * \firstsinthetavec * \firstsinphivec }%
\def\firstz{ #1 * \firstcosthetavec }%
%
\tdplotsinandcos{\secondsinthetavec}{\secondcosthetavec}{#5}%
\tdplotsinandcos{\secondsinphivec}{\secondcosphivec}{#6}%
\def\secondx{ #4 * \secondsinthetavec * \secondcosphivec }%
\def\secondy{ #4 * \secondsinthetavec * \secondsinphivec }%
\def\secondz{ #4 * \secondcosthetavec }%
%
\tdplotsinandcos{\thirdsinthetavec}{\thirdcosthetavec}{#8}%
\tdplotsinandcos{\thirdsinphivec}{\thirdcosphivec}{#9}%
\def\thirdx{ #7 * \thirdsinthetavec * \thirdcosphivec }%
\def\thirdy{ #7 * \thirdsinthetavec * \thirdsinphivec }%
\def\thirdz{ #7 * \thirdcosthetavec }%
%
\def\crossz{ \firstx * \secondy - \firsty * \secondx }%
\def\crossx{ \firsty * \secondz - \firstz * \secondy }%
\def\crossy{ \firstz * \secondx - \firstx * \secondz }%
%
\def\LastThreeDTripleProduct{ \crossx * \thirdx + \crossy * \thirdy + \crossz * \thirdz }%
}

\begin{center}

\tdplotsetmaincoords{40}{110} % orientation of 3D axes
% vectors of basis
\pgfmathsetmacro{\firstlength}{1}
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\firstanglefromz}{90} % first and second are xy plane
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\firstanglefromx}{0} % first is just x
\pgfmathsetmacro{\secondlength}{1}
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\secondanglefromz}{90} % first and second are xy plane
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\secondanglefromx}{66} % but second is not orthogonal to first
\pgfmathsetmacro{\thirdlength}{1}
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\thirdanglefromz}{-10}
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\thirdanglefromx}{55}
% some vector
\pgfmathsetmacro{\lengthofvector}{3.2}
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\vectoranglefromz}{28}
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\vectoranglefromx}{55}

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=3.2, tdplot_main_coords] % tdplot_main_coords style to use 3dplot

    \coordinate (O) at (0,0,0);

    % define axes
    \tdplotsetcoord{A1}{\firstlength}{\firstanglefromz}{\firstanglefromx}
    \tdplotsetcoord{A2}{\secondlength}{\secondanglefromz}{\secondanglefromx}
    \tdplotsetcoord{A3}{\thirdlength}{\thirdanglefromz}{\thirdanglefromx}

    % define vector
    \tdplotsetcoord{V}{\lengthofvector}{\vectoranglefromz}{\vectoranglefromx} % {length}{angle from z}{angle from x}

    % draw components of vector
    \coordinate (ParallelToThird) at ($ (V) - (A3) $);
    \coordinate (VcomponentXY) at (intersection of V--ParallelToThird and O--Vxy);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (O) -- (VcomponentXY); % projection on first & second vectors’ plane

    \coordinate (ParallelToSecond) at ($ (VcomponentXY) - (A2xy) $);
    \coordinate (ParallelToFirst) at ($ (VcomponentXY) - (A1xy) $);
    \coordinate (Vcomponent1) at (intersection of VcomponentXY--ParallelToSecond and O--A1);
    \coordinate (Vcomponent2) at (intersection of VcomponentXY--ParallelToFirst and O--A2);

    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (V) -- (VcomponentXY);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (VcomponentXY) -- (Vcomponent1);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (VcomponentXY) -- (Vcomponent2);

    % draw parallelepiped
    \coordinate (onPlane23) at ($ (Vcomponent2) + (V) - (VcomponentXY) $);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (Vcomponent2) -- (onPlane23);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (V) -- (onPlane23);

    \coordinate (onPlane13) at ($ (Vcomponent1) + (V) - (VcomponentXY) $);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (Vcomponent1) -- (onPlane13);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (V) -- (onPlane13);

    \coordinate (onAxis3) at ($ (V) - (VcomponentXY) $);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (O) -- (onAxis3);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (onPlane13) -- (onAxis3);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (onPlane23) -- (onAxis3);

    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (O) -- (onPlane13);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, dotted, color=black] (O) -- (onPlane23);

    \draw [color=black, line width=1.6pt, line cap=round, dash pattern=on 0pt off 1.6\pgflinewidth,
        -{Stealth[round, length=4mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (O) -- (Vcomponent1)
        node[pos=0.52, above, xshift=-1.2em, fill=white, shape=circle, inner sep=1pt] {${v^1 \hspace{-0.1ex} \bm{a}_1}$};

    \draw [color=black, line width=1.6pt, line cap=round, dash pattern=on 0pt off 1.6\pgflinewidth,
        -{Stealth[round, length=4mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (Vcomponent1) -- (VcomponentXY)
        node[pos=0.5, below, xshift=-0.5em, yshift=0.1em, shape=circle, fill=white, inner sep=0pt] {${v^2 \hspace{-0.1ex} \bm{a}_2}$};

    \draw [color=black, line width=1.6pt, line cap=round, dash pattern=on 0pt off 1.6\pgflinewidth,
        -{Stealth[round, length=4mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (VcomponentXY) -- (V)
        node[pos=0.52, above right, xshift=0.5em, shape=circle, fill=white, inner sep=1pt] {${v^3 \hspace{-0.1ex} \bm{a}_3}$};

    % square root of Gramian matrix’ determinant is a1 × a2 • a3
    \tdtripleproduct%
        {\firstlength}{\firstanglefromz}{\firstanglefromx}%
        {\secondlength}{\secondanglefromz}{\secondanglefromx}%
        {\thirdlength}{\thirdanglefromz}{\thirdanglefromx}
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\sqrtDetGramian}{\LastThreeDTripleProduct}
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\inverseOfSqrtDetGramian}{1 / \sqrtDetGramian}

    \node[fill=white!50, inner sep=0pt, outer sep=4pt] at (0,0,-2.8)
        {$\begin{array}{c}\bm{a}_1 \hspace{-0.4ex} \times \hspace{-0.3ex} \bm{a}_2 \dotp \hspace{0.1ex} \bm{a}_3 \hspace{-0.2ex} = \hspace{-0.2ex} \sqrt{\hspace{-0.36ex}\mathstrut{\textsl{g}}} \hspace{0.1ex} = \hspace{-0.2ex} \sqrtDetGramian \\[0.25em]
        \displaystyle \nicefrac{\scalebox{0.95}{$1$}}{\hspace{-0.25ex}\sqrt{\hspace{-0.2ex}\scalebox{0.96}{$\mathstrut{\textsl{g}}$}}} \hspace{0.1ex} = \hspace{-0.2ex} \inverseOfSqrtDetGramian\end{array}$};

    % calculate and draw vectors of cobasis
    \tdcrossproduct{\firstlength}{\firstanglefromz}{\firstanglefromx}%
        {\secondlength}{\secondanglefromz}{\secondanglefromx}%
        {cross23}
    \draw [line width=1.25pt, orange, -{Latex[round, length=3.6mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (O) -- (cross23)
        node[pos=0.7, above right, outer sep=2pt] {$\bm{a}_1 \hspace{-0.4ex} \times \hspace{-0.3ex} \bm{a}_2$};

    \coordinate (coA3) at ($ \inverseOfSqrtDetGramian*(cross23) $);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, red] (O) -- ($ 1.02*(coA3) $);
    \draw [line width=1.25pt, red, -{Latex[round, length=3.6mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (O) -- (coA3)
        node[pos=0.8, above right, outer sep=2pt] {${\bm{a}}^3$};

    \tdcrossproduct{\thirdlength}{\thirdanglefromz}{\thirdanglefromx}%
        {\firstlength}{\firstanglefromz}{\firstanglefromx}%
        {cross31}
    \draw [line width=1.25pt, orange, -{Latex[round, length=3.6mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (O) -- (cross31)
        node[pos=0.7, above, outer sep=4pt] {$\bm{a}_3 \hspace{-0.4ex} \times \hspace{-0.3ex} \bm{a}_1$};

    \coordinate (coA2) at ($ \inverseOfSqrtDetGramian*(cross31) $);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, red] (O) -- ($ 1.02*(coA2) $);
    \draw [line width=1.25pt, red, -{Latex[round, length=3.6mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (O) -- (coA2)
        node[pos=0.92, above, shape=circle, fill=white, inner sep=1pt, outer sep=4pt] {${\bm{a}}^2$};

    \tdcrossproduct{\secondlength}{\secondanglefromz}{\secondanglefromx}%
        {\thirdlength}{\thirdanglefromz}{\thirdanglefromx}%
        {cross23}
    \draw [line width=1.25pt, orange, -{Latex[round, length=3.6mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (O) -- (cross23)
        node[pos=0.65, above left, outer sep=-1pt] {$\bm{a}_2 \hspace{-0.4ex} \times \hspace{-0.3ex} \bm{a}_3$};

    \coordinate (coA1) at ($ \inverseOfSqrtDetGramian*(cross23) $);
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, red] (O) -- ($ 1.02*(coA1) $);
    \draw [line width=1.25pt, red, -{Latex[round, length=3.6mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (O) -- (coA1)
        node[pos=0.96, above, outer sep=5pt] {${\bm{a}}^1$};

    % draw axes and vectors of basis
    \draw [line width=0.4pt, blue] (O) -- ($ 1.21*(A1) $);
    \draw [line width=1.25pt, blue, -{Latex[round, length=3.6mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (O) -- (A1)
        node[pos=0.9, below right, shape=circle, fill=white, inner sep=1pt, outer sep=5pt] {${\bm{a}}_1$};

    \draw [line width=0.4pt, blue] (O) -- ($ 1.88*(A2) $);
    \draw [line width=1.25pt, blue, -{Latex[round, length=3.6mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (O) -- (A2)
        node[pos=0.95, above right, shape=circle, fill=white, inner sep=1pt, outer sep=4pt] {${\bm{a}}_2$};

    \draw [line width=0.4pt, blue] (O) -- ($ 1.25*(A3) $);
    \draw [line width=1.25pt, blue, -{Latex[round, length=3.6mm, width=2.4mm]}]
        (O) -- (A3)
        node[pos=0.75, above left, xshift=-0.5em, shape=circle, fill=white, inner sep=1pt, outer sep=5pt] {${\bm{a}}_3$};

    % draw vector
    \draw [line width=1.6pt, black, -{Stealth[round, length=5mm, width=2.8mm]}]
        (O) -- (V)
        node[pos=0.75, above, yshift=0.4em, shape=circle, fill=white, inner sep=1pt, outer sep=4pt]
            {\scalebox{1.2}[1.2]{${\bm{v}}$}};

\end{tikzpicture}

\end{center}

\end{document}

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