在 Cygwin 下安装 TexLive 后，任何尝试构建 .tex 文件都会失败，并出现错误，提示指定的格式不可用：
$ latex test.tex
This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.17 (TeX Live 2016/Cygwin) (preloaded format=latex)
restricted \write18 enabled.
kpathsea: Running mktexfmt latex.fmt
mktexfmt: mktexfmt is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
mktexfmt: mktexfmt is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
mktexfmt: /home/gecko/.config/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
mktexfmt [INFO]: writing formats under /home/gecko/.cache/texmf/web2c
mktexfmt [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=latex, skipped
mktexfmt [INFO]: Total formats: 0
mktexfmt [INFO]: exiting with status 0
I can't find the format file `latex.fmt'!
指定的fmtutil.cnf文件不存在。
我已经在其他地方阅读过运行fmtutil-sys --all，它执行以下操作：
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
Use of uninitialized value $whatarg in concatenation (.) or string at /usr/bin/fmtutil line 426.
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for all=, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
再次，指定的 fmtutil.cnf 文件不存在。
安装时出现以下信息，表明出现了问题：
Running /etc/postinstall/libpaper.sh
Running /etc/postinstall/texlive-collection-basic.sh
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination luatex/luatex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination dviluatex/luatex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination luajittex/luajittex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination mf/mf-nowin is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination pdftex/pdftex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination etex/pdftex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination pdfetex/pdftex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination tex/tex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=dviluatex, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=etex, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=luajittex, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=luatex, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=mf, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=pdfetex, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=pdftex, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=tex, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
Running /etc/postinstall/texlive-collection-latex.sh
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination latex/pdftex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination pdflatex/pdftex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination dvilualatex/luatex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination lualatex/luatex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [WARNING]: Format/engine combination mptopdf/pdftex is not defined.
fmtutil [WARNING]: Cannot (de)activate it.
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status -1
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=dvilualatex, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=latex, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=lualatex, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=mptopdf, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf files (in precedence order):
fmtutil: fmtutil is using the following fmtutil.cnf file for writing changes:
fmtutil: /etc/texmf/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
fmtutil [INFO]: writing formats under /var/lib/texmf/web2c
fmtutil [INFO]: did not find entry for byfmt=pdflatex, skipped
fmtutil [INFO]: Total formats: 0
fmtutil [INFO]: exiting with status 0
安装了以下 texlive 包：
texlive-collection-basic
texlive-collection-latex-doc
texlive-collection-latex
texlive
我感觉好像漏掉了什么。我还没有找到任何关于如何设置的 cygwin 教程，但我认为 linux 教程会涵盖相同的步骤。这些似乎都表明安装后该软件包即可使用。
编辑：这个 arch 论坛帖子有一些有用的提示。我跑了
mktexmf --all
texhash
然后有 50 种禁用格式。我启用了 latex 和 pdflatex，但是当我运行时，fmtutil-sys --all我被告知缺少软件包。我会进一步调查。
编辑2：丢失的文件都是我不想使用的语言的连字文件。由于没有更好的主意，我只能一个一个地安装语言文件，但如果有人能告诉我如何避免这样做，我将非常感激。
答案1
如果在安装过程中确实遇到麻烦，那么重新安装总是更安全的。
我遇到了类似的问题（并且来自的信息mktexfmt相同）。首先，检查latex.fmt您的安装中是否存在（为此使用locate或find- 它们可能存在于中cygwin）。
如果该文件存在，那么问题可能是kpathsea 找不到您的文件。运行
kpsewhich --debug -1 latex.fmt
kdebug 显示 fmt 文件的搜索路径（来自 texmf.cnf）。或者，您可以运行
kpsewhich --show-path=fmt
尝试设置
export TEXMF=.:/opt/tex/cur//:
最后两个斜杠表示子目录扩展（用您自己的路径代替我的路径）。 对我来说，这立即起到了帮助作用。