目标

Question 1

这种方法的优点是可以跨页。注意：您不必对左右框使用相同的宽度。

\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}

\newlength{\boxwidth}

\newcommand{\mytabs}[2]% $1 = left box, #2 = right box
{\parbox{\boxwidth}{#1}\hfill\parbox{\boxwidth}{#2}\newline}

\newcommand{\myrule}{\ifvmode\else\newline\fi
  \rule[.6\baselineskip]{\columnwidth}{.1ex}\vspace{-.6\baselineskip}\newline}% total height = 0.4\baselineskip

\begin{document}
\parindent=0pt
\parskip=0.5\baselineskip
\boxwidth=\dimexpr 0.5\columnwidth - \tabcolsep\relax

\textit{INDICES}
\myrule
\mytabs{\textit{i}}{counter for employee number, \textit{i} = 1,2,…,\textit{N};}
\myrule
\mytabs{\textit{m}}{counter for category  number, \textmd{m} = 1,2,…,\textit{M}.}
\myrule

\textit{DECISION VARIABLES}

\textit{Continuous Variables}
\myrule
\mytabs{\textit{$X_m$}}{increase percentage cor-responding to category \textit{m}.}
\myrule

\textit{Binary Variables}
\begingroup
\small\sf
\myrule
\mytabs{\textit{$Z_m$}}{1, if employee \textit{i} is given salary treatment \textit{m}, 0 otherwise.}
\myrule
\endgroup

\end{document}

Answer

这种方法的优点是可以跨页。注意：您不必对左右框使用相同的宽度。

\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}

\newlength{\boxwidth}

\newcommand{\mytabs}[2]% $1 = left box, #2 = right box
{\parbox{\boxwidth}{#1}\hfill\parbox{\boxwidth}{#2}\newline}

\newcommand{\myrule}{\ifvmode\else\newline\fi
  \rule[.6\baselineskip]{\columnwidth}{.1ex}\vspace{-.6\baselineskip}\newline}% total height = 0.4\baselineskip

\begin{document}
\parindent=0pt
\parskip=0.5\baselineskip
\boxwidth=\dimexpr 0.5\columnwidth - \tabcolsep\relax

\textit{INDICES}
\myrule
\mytabs{\textit{i}}{counter for employee number, \textit{i} = 1,2,…,\textit{N};}
\myrule
\mytabs{\textit{m}}{counter for category  number, \textmd{m} = 1,2,…,\textit{M}.}
\myrule

\textit{DECISION VARIABLES}

\textit{Continuous Variables}
\myrule
\mytabs{\textit{$X_m$}}{increase percentage cor-responding to category \textit{m}.}
\myrule

\textit{Binary Variables}
\begingroup
\small\sf
\myrule
\mytabs{\textit{$Z_m$}}{1, if employee \textit{i} is given salary treatment \textit{m}, 0 otherwise.}
\myrule
\endgroup

\end{document}

Question 2

目标

在您的问题中，您提到了以下几点

插入数学公式/公式
单元格内容（在第二列？）应该居中。
每个表中某些列的宽度应该相同。

也许我还忽略了其他一些关注点？

解决方案

因此我大幅修改了你的 MWE。

数学公式：如果您加载array-package，您可以定义新的列类型，并且可以运行 LaTeX 命令，每次您进入该列或离开该列。我使用\newcolumntype定义了至少两种新的列类型，一种用于左列，一种用于右列。我还使用 and >{}-command<{}来运行 LaTeX 命令。array有关更多详细信息，请参阅 -manual（或我在 MWE 中的评论）。
对于左列，我将其置于数学模式，方法是定义类似的内容>{$} l <{$}。（这只是一个例子，实际代码看起来有点不同。）在此示例中，我创建了一个列，它将与左对齐，并自动处于数学模式。\begin{math} i \end{math}您可以键入，而i不是。我想说，这相当方便。
使用了相同的技巧，将第二列定义为水平居中对齐。这次，我决定使用\Centering在包中定义的 -command ragged2e。您必须先在序言中加载该包。这个包/命令的一大优势是，它能够拆分单词，而不仅仅是在单词之间。因此，您可以在行上获得更优雅的单词分布。为了使示例正确工作，您\arraybackslash还必须添加。请参阅 MWE 以获取完整代码。
您希望您定义的每个表的相应列具有相同的宽度。要实现此任务，您可以使用p{<width>}列类型。
不幸的是，p-column 使文本对齐，这与您的希望（使文本居中）相反。请参阅 2. 如何解决此问题。
定义一个新的维度，使p所有列的宽度相同，这相当容易。另一个很大的优点是，您只需更改该维度的值，即可相应地操作所有表格。然而，还有一个问题，第一列必须有多宽。幸运的是，使用包tabularx及其X列可以轻松解决这个问题。X与定义结合的列\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}将占用所有剩余空间，直到达到表格的总宽度\columnwidth（无论是多少）。

平均能量损失

这是我的 MWE。我在代码中加了很多注释。

\documentclass[11pt,twocolumn]{article}

\usepackage{array}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{ragged2e}

%% Define some text layout variables
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{2ex plus0.3ex minus0.1ex}

%% Define new column types.  Question was: the second columns shall
%% have allways the same width.  Therefore the first column has to be
%% of variable width. The left column is left aligned and always in
%% italics. 
\newcolumntype{L}{>{\itshape\selectfont\RaggedRight\arraybackslash} X}
%% Second column should be centerd.  I use the p-column-type in order
%% to define its width manually.
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{>{\Centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
%% To have the width unique, I define a new length.  If this length
%% doesn't fit, change it once and have the effect everywhere.
\newlength{\secondcolwidth}
\setlength{\secondcolwidth}{0.8\columnwidth}
%% Finally, To save further typing labour, define a combining new
%% column.
\newcolumntype{M}{@{} LC{\secondcolwidth} @{}}
%% Alternatively, you could ommit the above newlength and setlength by
%% defining the new M column like this:
% \newcolumntype{M}[1]{@{} LC{#1} @{}}
%% In that case, you have to code the tabular like this:
%   \begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{M{5cm}}
%% I prefer the above, as you have to change only one value to affect
%% all tables.

\begin{document}
%% What should the flushleft-environment be good for in this case?
\textit{INDICES}

%% I deleted the table environment, as it is a floating environment,
%% which you don't want to use, as you defined the floating option
%% [h].  It takes the table ad absurdum.
%% Use the new defined column types.  I order to save space on the
%% left and right margin on the table, suppres the empty white space
%% with "@{}".
\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{M}
  \toprule
  %% Use math mode for the mathematical expression.
  %% use \ldots to print the ellipsis (...)
  i & counter for employee number, $i = 1,2,\ldots,N$;\\ 
  \midrule
  m & counter for category  number, $m = 1,2,\ldots,M$.\\ 
  \midrule
  $e$ & The number $e$ is a mathematical constant that is the base of
        the natural logarithm: the unique number whose natural
        logarithm is equal to one. It is approximately equal to
        2.71828 and is the limit of $(1 + 1/n)n$ as $n$ approaches
        infinity, an expression that arises in the study of compound
        interest. It can also be calculated as the sum of the infinite
        series \\
  \bottomrule
\end{tabularx}


\textit{DECISION VARIABLES}

\textit{Continuous Variables}

\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{M}
  \toprule
  $X_m$ & increase percentage cor-responding to category $m$.\\ 
  \bottomrule
\end{tabularx}

\textit{Binary Variables}

\small\sf
\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{M}
  \toprule
  $Z_m$ & 1, if employee $i$ is given salary treatment $m$, 0
          otherwise.\\ 
  \bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\end{document}

结果

这就是结果。希望你喜欢。请随意尝试，\setlength{secondcolwidth}{<width}以根据您的需要调整表格的外观。

Answer

目标

在您的问题中，您提到了以下几点

插入数学公式/公式
单元格内容（在第二列？）应该居中。
每个表中某些列的宽度应该相同。

也许我还忽略了其他一些关注点？

解决方案

因此我大幅修改了你的 MWE。

数学公式：如果您加载array-package，您可以定义新的列类型，并且可以运行 LaTeX 命令，每次您进入该列或离开该列。我使用\newcolumntype定义了至少两种新的列类型，一种用于左列，一种用于右列。我还使用 and >{}-command<{}来运行 LaTeX 命令。array有关更多详细信息，请参阅 -manual（或我在 MWE 中的评论）。
对于左列，我将其置于数学模式，方法是定义类似的内容>{$} l <{$}。（这只是一个例子，实际代码看起来有点不同。）在此示例中，我创建了一个列，它将与左对齐，并自动处于数学模式。\begin{math} i \end{math}您可以键入，而i不是。我想说，这相当方便。
使用了相同的技巧，将第二列定义为水平居中对齐。这次，我决定使用\Centering在包中定义的 -command ragged2e。您必须先在序言中加载该包。这个包/命令的一大优势是，它能够拆分单词，而不仅仅是在单词之间。因此，您可以在行上获得更优雅的单词分布。为了使示例正确工作，您\arraybackslash还必须添加。请参阅 MWE 以获取完整代码。
您希望您定义的每个表的相应列具有相同的宽度。要实现此任务，您可以使用p{<width>}列类型。
不幸的是，p-column 使文本对齐，这与您的希望（使文本居中）相反。请参阅 2. 如何解决此问题。
定义一个新的维度，使p所有列的宽度相同，这相当容易。另一个很大的优点是，您只需更改该维度的值，即可相应地操作所有表格。然而，还有一个问题，第一列必须有多宽。幸运的是，使用包tabularx及其X列可以轻松解决这个问题。X与定义结合的列\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}将占用所有剩余空间，直到达到表格的总宽度\columnwidth（无论是多少）。

平均能量损失

这是我的 MWE。我在代码中加了很多注释。

\documentclass[11pt,twocolumn]{article}

\usepackage{array}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{ragged2e}

%% Define some text layout variables
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{2ex plus0.3ex minus0.1ex}

%% Define new column types.  Question was: the second columns shall
%% have allways the same width.  Therefore the first column has to be
%% of variable width. The left column is left aligned and always in
%% italics. 
\newcolumntype{L}{>{\itshape\selectfont\RaggedRight\arraybackslash} X}
%% Second column should be centerd.  I use the p-column-type in order
%% to define its width manually.
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{>{\Centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
%% To have the width unique, I define a new length.  If this length
%% doesn't fit, change it once and have the effect everywhere.
\newlength{\secondcolwidth}
\setlength{\secondcolwidth}{0.8\columnwidth}
%% Finally, To save further typing labour, define a combining new
%% column.
\newcolumntype{M}{@{} LC{\secondcolwidth} @{}}
%% Alternatively, you could ommit the above newlength and setlength by
%% defining the new M column like this:
% \newcolumntype{M}[1]{@{} LC{#1} @{}}
%% In that case, you have to code the tabular like this:
%   \begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{M{5cm}}
%% I prefer the above, as you have to change only one value to affect
%% all tables.

\begin{document}
%% What should the flushleft-environment be good for in this case?
\textit{INDICES}

%% I deleted the table environment, as it is a floating environment,
%% which you don't want to use, as you defined the floating option
%% [h].  It takes the table ad absurdum.
%% Use the new defined column types.  I order to save space on the
%% left and right margin on the table, suppres the empty white space
%% with "@{}".
\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{M}
  \toprule
  %% Use math mode for the mathematical expression.
  %% use \ldots to print the ellipsis (...)
  i & counter for employee number, $i = 1,2,\ldots,N$;\\ 
  \midrule
  m & counter for category  number, $m = 1,2,\ldots,M$.\\ 
  \midrule
  $e$ & The number $e$ is a mathematical constant that is the base of
        the natural logarithm: the unique number whose natural
        logarithm is equal to one. It is approximately equal to
        2.71828 and is the limit of $(1 + 1/n)n$ as $n$ approaches
        infinity, an expression that arises in the study of compound
        interest. It can also be calculated as the sum of the infinite
        series \\
  \bottomrule
\end{tabularx}


\textit{DECISION VARIABLES}

\textit{Continuous Variables}

\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{M}
  \toprule
  $X_m$ & increase percentage cor-responding to category $m$.\\ 
  \bottomrule
\end{tabularx}

\textit{Binary Variables}

\small\sf
\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{M}
  \toprule
  $Z_m$ & 1, if employee $i$ is given salary treatment $m$, 0
          otherwise.\\ 
  \bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\end{document}

结果

这就是结果。希望你喜欢。请随意尝试，\setlength{secondcolwidth}{<width}以根据您的需要调整表格的外观。

目标

答案1

答案2

目标

解决方案

更多变化

漂浮物体

桌子后面的空白处

优雅

列宽证明

进一步精简

平均能量损失

结果

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