排除一些稍微复杂的代码故障，无缘无故地插入“缺失的$”

Question

lstpatch关于和的错误vector是由于

\usepackage{lstpatch}
\usepackage{vector}  % Allows "\bvec{}" and "\buvec{}" for "blackboard" style bold vectors in maths

它们大概是本地可用的类，但是如果您不使用它们，则只需删除这些行即可。（通常，您应该删除所有不使用的包，这样可以使类更接近基类book。例如，希望您不会lipsum在实际文档中使用它们。

切勿\\在段落末尾使用（会产生错误的输出并警告水平盒子未满）或在垂直模式下使用（会产生错误）。

}\par \\

由于，所以\\会一直处于垂直模式，因此\par会出现错误。只需删除\\那里的即可。

size 命令不接受参数，因此诸如\small{Author: }括号之类的使用不会产生任何作用，并且\small会延伸到文档末尾，除非（如此处）存在一些限制范围的外部环境或组。

关于缺失的数学错误$是由于\left这里使用的不合适，这是一个数学模式命令，并且您不希望在这里使用缩放括号。

不严格，而且有错误，但在另一个宏中使用是不好的做法\newlength，所以我将声明移到了外面。实际上，您只使用一次宏，因此不会造成太大的危害，但一般来说，您只想分配一次寄存器，而不是每次使用宏时都分配寄存器。

对类进行这些更改后，它运行起来没有错误

\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1996/12/01]
\ProvidesClass{UMLThesis}
              [2007/22/02 v1.0
   LaTeX document class]
\def\baseclass{book}
\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{\baseclass}}
\def\@checkoptions#1#2{
  \edef\@curroptions{\@ptionlist{\@currname.\@currext}}
  \@tempswafalse
  \@tfor\@this:=#2\do{
    \@expandtwoargs\in@{,\@this,}{,\@curroptions,}
    \ifin@ \@tempswatrue \@break@tfor \fi}
  \let\@this\@empty
  \if@tempswa \else \PassOptionsToClass{#1}{\baseclass}\fi
}
\@checkoptions{11pt}{{10pt}{11pt}{12pt}}
%\PassOptionsToClass{a4paper}{\baseclass}
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass{\baseclass}

\newcommand{\supervisorSig}[1]{%
    \justifying
    Signature of Thesis Supervisor: \xleaders\hbox{\underline{ }}\hfill\mbox{}\par
    \newlength{\remaining}
    \setlength{\remaining}{\textwidth-\widthof{Name Typed:\quad\quad\quad\quad#1}}
    Name Typed:\quad\quad\quad\quad\underline{#1\hspace{\remaining}}\par
    \vspace{\baselineskip}
    Signatures of Other Thesis Committee Members: \par}

\newcommand{\committeeMember}[1]{%
    \justifying
    Committee Member Signature: \xleaders\hbox{\underline{ }}\hfill\mbox{}\par
    %\newlength{\remaining}
    %\setlength{\remaining}{\textwidth-\widthof{Name Typed:\quad\quad\quad\quad#1}}
    %Name Typed:\quad\quad\quad\quad\underline{#1\hspace{\remaining}}
    #1}

\newcommand{\prevDegree}[3]{%
    #1 \uppercase{#2} (#3)}

    \newlength{\authline}
    \newlength{\autharea}
    \newlength{\dateline}

\newcommand\SignaturePage[6]{%
    \thispagestyle{empty}
    \singlespacing
    \vspace*{1 in}
    \uppercase{%
        \centering
        % Title of thesis
        \large{#1} \par
        \vspace{2\baselineskip} \par
        %Author section, and previous degrees
        \normalsize{BY \vspace{2\baselineskip} \par \MakeUppercase{\authornames} \par #2 \vspace{3\baselineskip} \par
        submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements \par
        % degree title
        for the degree of \MakeUppercase{\degreeName} \par
        % department name
        \MakeUppercase{\deptName} \par
        \MakeUppercase{\univName}}}
\vfill
{\small
    \setlength{\authline}{3.75 in-\widthof{\small Author: }}
    \setlength{\autharea}{\widthof{\small Author: }+\authline}
    \setlength{\dateline}{5.75 in-\autharea-\widthof{\small Date: }}
    %\underline{#1\hspace*{\remaining}}\par
    \justifying
    Signature of \par
    Author: \underline{\hspace{\authline}}Date: \underline{\hspace{\dateline}} 
    \par 
    #3
    \committeeMember{#4} 
    \committeeMember{#5} 
    \committeeMember{#6}
  \par}
\cleardoublepage}

\newcommand*{\authors}[1]{\newcommand{\authornames}{#1}}
\newcommand*{\faculty}[2]{\newcommand{\facName}{#1}\newcommand{\facTitle}    {#2}}
\newcommand*{\degree}[2]{\newcommand{\degreeNameShort}{#1}\newcommand{\degreeName}{#2}}
\newcommand*{\department}[1]{\newcommand{\deptName}{#1}}
\newcommand*{\university}[1]{\newcommand{\univName}{#1}}

\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{vmargin}
\doublespacing
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{2.0ex plus0.5ex minus0.2ex}
\setmarginsrb           { 1.5in}  % left margin
                        { 0.6in}  % top margin
                        { 1.0in}  % right margin
                        { 1.0in}  % bottom margin
                        {  20pt}  % head height
                        {0.25in}  % head sep
                        {   9pt}  % foot height
                        { 0.3in}  % foot sep
\raggedbottom

\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts,amssymb,amscd,amsthm,xspace,bm}
\usepackage[centerlast,small,sc]{caption}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{epstopdf}
\usepackage[scriptsize]{subfigure}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage{listings}

\usepackage[pdfpagemode={UseOutlines},bookmarks=true,bookmarksopen=true,bookmarksopenlevel=0,bookmarksnumbered=true,hypertexnames=false,colorlinks,linkcolor={blue},citecolor={blue},urlcolor={red},pdfstartview={FitV},unicode,breaklinks=true]{hyperref}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage[square, numbers, comma, sort&compress]{natbib}  % Use the "Natbib" style for the references in the Bibliography
\usepackage{verbatim}  % Needed for the "comment" environment to make LaTeX comments


\hypersetup{urlcolor=blue, colorlinks=true}  % Colours hyperlinks in blue, but this can be distracting if there are many links.
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage{calc,xcolor}
\usepackage{array, makecell}  % <--- changed
\setcellgapes{5pt}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{xfrac}
\newcolumntype{M}{>{$}c<{$}}
\usepackage{algorithm2e}
\renewcommand*{\algorithmautorefname}{Algorithm}
\usepackage{ragged2e}

Answer 1