你好，我想用 Ti 画一个霍夫曼电压表钾如下图所示的 Z：
不幸的是，有很多曲线和形状画起来很繁琐。有没有简单的方法来画，还是我必须满足于这样的东西
\begin{tikzpicture}[xscale=0.7]
\filldraw[black!50!white] (0,0) to[line to] (0,4.5) to[line to] (2,4.5) to[line to] (2,2) to[line to] (4,2) to[line to] (4,5) to[line to] (6,5) to[line to] (6,2) to[line to] (8,2) to[line to] (8,3) to[line to] (10,3) to[line to] (10,0) to[line to] (8,0) to[line to] (8,1) to[line to] (2,1) to[line to] (2,0) to[line to] (0,0);
\node (Anode) at (-0.8,0.3) {Anode};
\node (Cathode) at (11,0.3) {Cathode};
\draw[line width=1pt] (1,0) to[line to] (1,-0.5) to[line to] (4.7,-0.5);
\draw[line width=1pt] (5.3,-0.5) to[line to] (9,-0.5) to[line to] (9,0);
\draw[line width=1pt] (4.7,-1) to[line to] (4.7,0);
\draw[line width=1pt] (5.3,-0.7) to[line to] (5.3,-0.3);
\fill[black!20!white] (0,0) to[line to] (0,4.5) to[line to] (2,4.5) to[line to] (2,2) to[line to] (4,2) to[line to] (4,5) to[line to] (6,5) to[line to] (6,2) to[line to] (8,2) to[line to] (8,3) to[line to] (10,3) to[line to] (10,0) to[line to] (8,0) to[line to] (8,1) to[line to] (2,1) to[line to] (2,0) to[line to] (0,0);
\fill[black!100!white] (0.875,0) rectangle (1.125,0.7);
\fill[black!100!white] (8.875,0) rectangle (9.125,0.7);
\draw[line width=1pt] (0,0) to[line to] (0,6) to[line to] (2,6) to[line to] (2,2) to[line to] (4,2) to[line to] (4,7) to[line to] (6,7) to[line to] (6,2) to[line to] (8,2) to[line to] (8,6) to[line to] (10,6) to[line to] (10,0) to[line to] (8,0) to[line to] (8,1) to[line to] (2,1) to[line to] (2,0) to[line to] (0,0);
\end{tikzpicture}
结果是：
答案1
回答你的问题：不，没有简单的方法来绘制它，除了尝试一些矢量化.png（例如使用汽车追踪网站）。幸运的是，我们中的一些人没有更好的事情可做 :)
编辑
固定好左右管子，注意它们应该在顶部打开。
编辑2
我也想画出酸水的图案，所以现在图像已经完成了 :)。当然，你可以自己选择你更喜欢哪一个，我只是想给你这个选择。
新代码：
\documentclass[tikz,margin=2mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing,shapes,patterns,calc}
\makeatletter
\tikzset{
horizontal dashes length/.store in=\@hordash@length,
horizontal dashes distance/.store in=\@hordash@dist,
horizontal dashes line width/.store in=\@hordash@lw,
horizontal dashes length=5pt,
horizontal dashes distance=2pt,
horizontal dashes line width=0.2pt,
}
\pgfdeclarepatternformonly[\@hordash@length,\@hordash@dist,\@hordash@lw]{horizontal dashes}
{\pgfpointorigin}
{\pgfpoint{\@hordash@length+\@hordash@dist}{2*\@hordash@dist}}
{\pgfpoint{\@hordash@length+\@hordash@dist}{2*\@hordash@dist}}
{
\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfpoint{0.5*\@hordash@dist}{1.5*\@hordash@dist}}
\pgfpathlineto{\pgfpoint{0.5*\@hordash@dist+\@hordash@length}{1.5*\@hordash@dist}}
\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfpoint{0mm}{0.5*\@hordash@dist}}
\pgfpathlineto{\pgfpoint{0.5*\@hordash@length}{0.5*\@hordash@dist}}
\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfpoint{\@hordash@dist+0.5*\@hordash@length}{0.5*\@hordash@dist}}
\pgfpathlineto{\pgfpoint{\@hordash@dist+\@hordash@length}{0.5*\@hordash@dist}}
\pgfsetlinewidth{\@hordash@lw}
\pgfusepath{stroke}
}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
thick,
>=latex,
line join=round,
ode/.style={
minimum width=2mm,
minimum height=7mm,
draw,
fill=white,
postaction={
pattern = crosshatch dots
}
},
cork/.style={
minimum width=4mm-2\pgflinewidth,
minimum height=6mm,
draw,
fill=white,
postaction={
pattern = north east lines
}
},
battery/.style={
minimum width=6mm+2pt,
minimum height=8mm,
outer sep=0pt,
node contents={},
path picture={
\draw[line width=1pt] (-3mm-0.5pt,-4mm) -- ++(0,8mm);
\draw[line width=3pt] (-1mm-0.5pt,-2mm) -- ++(0,4mm);
\draw[line width=1pt] (1mm-0.5pt,-4mm) -- ++(0,8mm);
\draw[line width=3pt] (3mm-0.5pt,-2mm) -- ++(0,4mm);
},
},
amperemeter/.style={
draw,
circle,
minimum size=10mm,
node contents={\( A \)},
},
]
\filldraw[pattern=horizontal dashes,line width=0.4pt] (0,-0.2)
-- ++(-1,0)
-- ++(0,-0.4) -- ++ (-0.4,0) -- ++(0,4.65)
arc (180:270:0.1) -- ++(0.2,0) arc (270:360:0.1)
-- ++(0,-3.85) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,7.7)
.. controls +(0,0.4) and +(0,-0.9) .. ++(-0.8,1.25)
arc (180:270:0.1)
let \p1 = ++(0,0) in --(-\x1,\y1)
arc (270:360:0.1)
.. controls +(0,-0.9) and +(0,0.4) .. ++(-0.8,-1.25)
-- ++(0,-7.7) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,1)
arc (180:270:0.1) -- ++(0.2,0) arc (270:360:0.1)
-- ++(0,-1.8) -- ++(-0.4,0) -- ++(0,0.4)
-- cycle;
\draw (0,-0.2)
-- ++(-1,0) -- ++(0,-0.8) -- ++(0.1,-0.1)
++ (-0.6,0) -- ++(0.1,0.1) -- ++(0,7.25)
.. controls +(0,0.2) and +(0,-0.1) .. ++(0.16,0.3)
.. controls +(0,0.45) and +(0,-0.22) .. ++(0.02,1.25)
++(0.04,0)
.. controls +(0,-0.22) and +(0,0.45) .. ++(0.02,-1.25)
.. controls +(0,-0.1) and +(0,0.2) .. ++(0.16,-0.3)
-- ++(0,-6.05) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,7.7)
.. controls +(0,0.4) and +(0,-0.9) .. ++(-0.8,1.25)
.. controls +(0,0.4) and +(0,-0.3) .. ++(0.8,0.65)
.. controls +(0,0.1) and +(0,0) .. ++(-0.1,0.1)
let \p1 = ++(0,0) in (-\x1,\y1)
.. controls +(0,0) and +(0,0.1) .. ++(-0.1,-0.1)
.. controls +(0,-0.3) and +(0,0.4) .. ++(0.8,-0.65)
.. controls +(0,-0.9) and +(0,0.4) .. ++(-0.8,-1.25)
-- ++(0,-7.7) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,6.05)
.. controls +(0,0.2) and +(0,-0.1) .. ++(0.16,0.3)
.. controls +(0,0.45) and +(0,-0.22) .. ++(0.02,1.25)
++(0.04,0)
.. controls +(0,-0.22) and +(0,0.45) .. ++(0.02,-1.25)
.. controls +(0,-0.1) and +(0,0.2) .. ++(0.16,-0.3)
-- ++(0,-7.25) -- ++(0.1,-0.1) ++ (-0.6,0)
-- ++(0.1,0.1) -- ++(0,0.8) -- ++(-1,0);
\node[ode,pin={[align=center]left:Anode\\\( + \)}] at (-1.2,0) (anode) {};
\node[ode,pin={[align=center]right:Cathode\\\( - \)}] at (1.2,0) (cathode) {};
\coordinate[pin={left:Oxygen}] (ox) at (-1.2,4.7);
\coordinate[pin={right:Hydrogen}] (hy) at (1.2,5.1);
\coordinate[pin={[pin distance=2.5cm,align=center]right:Acidulated\\water}] (aw) at (0.2,8.6);
\node[cork] at (-1.2,-0.9) {};
\node[cork] at (1.2,-0.9) {};
\begin{scope}[shift={(1.2,6.8)},fill=white]
\filldraw (0.45,-0.05) rectangle (0,0.05);
\filldraw[fill=white,rounded corners=1pt] (-0.3,-0.15) rectangle ++(0.6,0.3);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0.45,0) circle (0.075 and 0.2);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0,0) circle (0.075);
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xscale=-1,shift={(1.2,6.8)},fill=white]
\filldraw (0.45,-0.05) rectangle (0,0.05);
\filldraw[fill=white,rounded corners=1pt] (-0.3,-0.15) rectangle ++(0.6,0.3);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0.45,0) circle (0.075 and 0.2);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0,0) circle (0.075);
\end{scope}
\node (bat) at (-0.5,-3) [battery];
\node (amp) at (1,-3) [amperemeter];
\node (res) at (3,-3) [draw,minimum width=15mm,minimum height=2.5mm]{};
\draw (anode) |- (bat);
\draw (bat) -- (amp);
\draw (amp) -- (res);
\draw[->] (cathode) -- (cathode|-0,-1.5) -| (res.40);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
旧代码：
\documentclass[tikz,margin=2mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing,shapes,patterns,calc}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
thick,
>=latex,
line join=round,
ode/.style={
minimum width=2mm,
minimum height=7mm,
draw,
fill=white,
postaction={
pattern = crosshatch dots
}
},
cork/.style={
minimum width=4mm-2\pgflinewidth,
minimum height=6mm,
draw,
fill=white,
postaction={
pattern = north east lines
}
},
battery/.style={
minimum width=6mm+2pt,
minimum height=8mm,
outer sep=0pt,
node contents={},
path picture={
\draw[line width=1pt] (-3mm-0.5pt,-4mm) -- ++(0,8mm);
\draw[line width=3pt] (-1mm-0.5pt,-2mm) -- ++(0,4mm);
\draw[line width=1pt] (1mm-0.5pt,-4mm) -- ++(0,8mm);
\draw[line width=3pt] (3mm-0.5pt,-2mm) -- ++(0,4mm);
},
},
amperemeter/.style={
draw,
circle,
minimum size=10mm,
node contents={\( A \)},
},
]
\fill[white!80!black] (0,-0.2)
-- ++(-1,0)
-- ++(0,-0.4) -- ++ (-0.4,0) -- ++(0,4.65)
arc (180:270:0.1) -- ++(0.2,0) arc (270:360:0.1)
-- ++(0,-3.85) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,7.7)
.. controls +(0,0.4) and +(0,-0.9) .. ++(-0.8,1.25)
arc (180:270:0.1)
let \p1 = ++(0,0) in --(-\x1,\y1)
arc (270:360:0.1)
.. controls +(0,-0.9) and +(0,0.4) .. ++(-0.8,-1.25)
-- ++(0,-7.7) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,1)
arc (180:270:0.1) -- ++(0.2,0) arc (270:360:0.1)
-- ++(0,-1.8) -- ++(-0.4,0) -- ++(0,0.4)
-- cycle;
\draw (0,-0.2)
-- ++(-1,0) -- ++(0,-0.8) -- ++(0.1,-0.1)
++ (-0.6,0) -- ++(0.1,0.1) -- ++(0,7.25)
.. controls +(0,0.2) and +(0,-0.1) .. ++(0.16,0.3)
.. controls +(0,0.45) and +(0,-0.22) .. ++(0.02,1.25)
++(0.04,0)
.. controls +(0,-0.22) and +(0,0.45) .. ++(0.02,-1.25)
.. controls +(0,-0.1) and +(0,0.2) .. ++(0.16,-0.3)
-- ++(0,-6.05) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,7.7)
.. controls +(0,0.4) and +(0,-0.9) .. ++(-0.8,1.25)
.. controls +(0,0.4) and +(0,-0.3) .. ++(0.8,0.65)
.. controls +(0,0.1) and +(0,0) .. ++(-0.1,0.1)
let \p1 = ++(0,0) in (-\x1,\y1)
.. controls +(0,0) and +(0,0.1) .. ++(-0.1,-0.1)
.. controls +(0,-0.3) and +(0,0.4) .. ++(0.8,-0.65)
.. controls +(0,-0.9) and +(0,0.4) .. ++(-0.8,-1.25)
-- ++(0,-7.7) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,6.05)
.. controls +(0,0.2) and +(0,-0.1) .. ++(0.16,0.3)
.. controls +(0,0.45) and +(0,-0.22) .. ++(0.02,1.25)
++(0.04,0)
.. controls +(0,-0.22) and +(0,0.45) .. ++(0.02,-1.25)
.. controls +(0,-0.1) and +(0,0.2) .. ++(0.16,-0.3)
-- ++(0,-7.25) -- ++(0.1,-0.1) ++ (-0.6,0)
-- ++(0.1,0.1) -- ++(0,0.8) -- ++(-1,0);
\node[ode,pin={[align=center]left:Anode\\\( + \)}] at (-1.2,0) (anode) {};
\node[ode,pin={[align=center]right:Cathode\\\( - \)}] at (1.2,0) (cathode) {};
\coordinate[pin={left:Oxygen}] (ox) at (-1.2,4.7);
\coordinate[pin={right:Hydrogen}] (hy) at (1.2,5.1);
\coordinate[pin={[pin distance=2.5cm,align=center]right:Acidulated\\water}] (aw) at (0.2,8.6);
\node[cork] at (-1.2,-0.9) {};
\node[cork] at (1.2,-0.9) {};
\begin{scope}[shift={(1.2,6.8)},fill=white]
\filldraw (0.45,-0.05) rectangle (0,0.05);
\filldraw[fill=white,rounded corners=1pt] (-0.3,-0.15) rectangle ++(0.6,0.3);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0.45,0) circle (0.075 and 0.2);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0,0) circle (0.075);
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xscale=-1,shift={(1.2,6.8)},fill=white]
\filldraw (0.45,-0.05) rectangle (0,0.05);
\filldraw[fill=white,rounded corners=1pt] (-0.3,-0.15) rectangle ++(0.6,0.3);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0.45,0) circle (0.075 and 0.2);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0,0) circle (0.075);
\end{scope}
\node (bat) at (-0.5,-3) [battery];
\node (amp) at (1,-3) [amperemeter];
\node (res) at (3,-3) [draw,minimum width=15mm,minimum height=2.5mm]{};
\draw (anode) |- (bat);
\draw (bat) -- (amp);
\draw (amp) -- (res);
\draw[->] (cathode) -- (cathode|-0,-1.5) -| (res.40);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
答案2
最终的 tikz 图像，特别感谢 Max Snippe (使用 tikz 包和 mhchem 包)
\begin{tikzpicture}[
thick,
>=latex,
line join=round,
ode/.style={
minimum width=2mm,
minimum height=7mm,
draw,
fill=white,
postaction={
pattern = crosshatch dots
}
},
cork/.style={
minimum width=4mm-2\pgflinewidth,
minimum height=6mm,
draw,
fill=white,
postaction={
pattern = north east lines
}
},
battery/.style={
minimum width=6mm+2pt,
minimum height=8mm,
outer sep=0pt,
node contents={},
path picture={
\draw[line width=1pt] (-3mm-0.5pt,-4mm) -- ++(0,8mm);
\draw[line width=3pt] (-1mm-0.5pt,-2mm) -- ++(0,4mm);
\draw[line width=1pt] (1mm-0.5pt,-4mm) -- ++(0,8mm);
\draw[line width=3pt] (3mm-0.5pt,-2mm) -- ++(0,4mm);
},
},
amperemeter/.style={
draw,
circle,
minimum size=10mm,
node contents={\( A \)},
},
]
\fill[white!80!black] (0,-0.2)
-- ++(-1,0)
-- ++(0,-0.4) -- ++ (-0.4,0) -- ++(0,4.65)
arc (180:270:0.1) -- ++(0.2,0) arc (270:360:0.1)
-- ++(0,-3.85) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,7.7)
.. controls +(0,0.4) and +(0,-0.9) .. ++(-0.8,1.25)
arc (180:270:0.1)
let \p1 = ++(0,0) in --(-\x1,\y1)
arc (270:360:0.1)
.. controls +(0,-0.9) and +(0,0.4) .. ++(-0.8,-1.25)
-- ++(0,-7.7) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,1)
arc (180:270:0.1) -- ++(0.2,0) arc (270:360:0.1)
-- ++(0,-1.8) -- ++(-0.4,0) -- ++(0,0.4)
-- cycle;
\draw (0,-0.2)
-- ++(-1,0) -- ++(0,-0.8) -- ++(0.1,-0.1)
++ (-0.6,0) -- ++(0.1,0.1) -- ++(0,7.25)
.. controls +(0,0.2) and +(0,-0.1) .. ++(0.16,0.3)
.. controls +(0,0.45) and +(0,-0.22) .. ++(0.02,1.25)
++(0.04,0)
.. controls +(0,-0.22) and +(0,0.45) .. ++(0.02,-1.25)
.. controls +(0,-0.1) and +(0,0.2) .. ++(0.16,-0.3)
-- ++(0,-6.05) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,7.7)
.. controls +(0,0.4) and +(0,-0.9) .. ++(-0.8,1.25)
.. controls +(0,0.4) and +(0,-0.3) .. ++(0.8,0.65)
.. controls +(0,0.1) and +(0,0) .. ++(-0.1,0.1)
let \p1 = ++(0,0) in (-\x1,\y1)
.. controls +(0,0) and +(0,0.1) .. ++(-0.1,-0.1)
.. controls +(0,-0.3) and +(0,0.4) .. ++(0.8,-0.65)
.. controls +(0,-0.9) and +(0,0.4) .. ++(-0.8,-1.25)
-- ++(0,-7.7) -- ++(0.8,0) -- ++(0,6.05)
.. controls +(0,0.2) and +(0,-0.1) .. ++(0.16,0.3)
.. controls +(0,0.45) and +(0,-0.22) .. ++(0.02,1.25)
++(0.04,0)
.. controls +(0,-0.22) and +(0,0.45) .. ++(0.02,-1.25)
.. controls +(0,-0.1) and +(0,0.2) .. ++(0.16,-0.3)
-- ++(0,-7.25) -- ++(0.1,-0.1) ++ (-0.6,0)
-- ++(0.1,0.1) -- ++(0,0.8) -- ++(-1,0);
\node[ode,pin={[align=center,pin edge={thick}]left:Anode\\\( + \)}] at (-1.2,0) (anode) {};
\node[ode,pin={[align=center,pin edge={thick}]right:Cathode\\\( - \)}] at (1.2,0) (cathode) {};
\coordinate[pin={[pin edge={thick}]left:Oxygen}] (ox) at (-1.2,4.7);
\coordinate[pin={[pin edge={thick}]right:Hydrogen}] (hy) at (1.2,5.1);
\coordinate[pin={[pin distance=2.5cm,align=center,pin edge={thick}]right:Acidulated\\water}] (aw) at (0.2,8.6);
\node[cork] at (-1.2,-0.9) {};
\node[cork] at (1.2,-0.9) {};
\begin{scope}[shift={(1.2,6.8)},fill=white]
\filldraw (0.45,-0.05) rectangle (0,0.05);
\filldraw[fill=white,rounded corners=1pt] (-0.3,-0.15) rectangle ++(0.6,0.3);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0.45,0) circle (0.075 and 0.2);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0,0) circle (0.075);
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xscale=-1,shift={(1.2,6.8)},fill=white]
\filldraw (0.45,-0.05) rectangle (0,0.05);
\filldraw[fill=white,rounded corners=1pt] (-0.3,-0.15) rectangle ++(0.6,0.3);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0.45,0) circle (0.075 and 0.2);
\filldraw[fill=white] (0,0) circle (0.075);
\end{scope}
\node (bat) at (-0.5,-3) [battery];
\node (amp) at (1,-3) [amperemeter];
\node (res) at (3,-3) [draw,minimum width=15mm,minimum height=2.5mm]{};
\draw (anode) |- (bat);
\draw (bat) -- (amp);
\draw (amp) -- (res);
\draw[->] (cathode) -- (cathode|-0,-1.5) -| (res.40);
\node (oxlabel) at (-5,4) {Reaction at Anode};
\node (oxygenreacc) at (-5,3.5) {$\ce{3H2O -> \frac{1}{2}O2 +2H3O+ +2e-}$};
\node (hydlable) at (5,4) {Reaction at Cathode};
\node (hydrogenreacc) at (5,3.5) {$\ce{2H3O+ +2e- ->H2 +2H2O}$};
\node (overallreacclabel) at (-5,-1) {Overall Reaction};
\node (overallreacc) at (-5,-1.5) {$\ce{H2O ->\frac{1}{2}O2 + H2}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
