我需要帮助在凸面（例如球面）上绘制由弹簧和球组成的 2D 方形格子（见图）。您能否告诉我是否可以在 PSTricks 或 TikZ 中制作这种格子？非常感谢。
我在 PDF 中链接了 [1] 一个相关示例，其中有一个球面上的网格。
[1]http://www.texample.net/media/tikz/examples/PDF/spherical-and-cartesian-grids.pdf
答案1
欢迎来到 TeX.SE！这里有一个提议。
\documentclass[tikz,border=3.14mm]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathmorphing}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\clip (-1,-1) rectangle (11,11);
\foreach \X in {-2,0,...,10}
{\foreach \Y in {-2,0,...,10}
{\draw[decorate,decoration={coil,aspect=0.5,amplitude=1.5mm, segment
length=1.5mm}] (\X,\Y) -- ++(0,2) -- ++(2,0);
\node[circle,text=white,font=\sffamily\bfseries\large,inner
color=blue,outer color=black] at (\X,\Y) {+};}}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
将其嵌入到球面坐标系中很简单。（非常感谢@caverac 指出问题的真正含义。）
\documentclass[tikz,border=3.14mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz-3dplot}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathmorphing,calc}
\makeatletter
%from https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/375604/121799
%along x axis
\define@key{x sphericalkeys}{radius}{\def\myradius{#1}}
\define@key{x sphericalkeys}{theta}{\def\mytheta{#1}}
\define@key{x sphericalkeys}{phi}{\def\myphi{#1}}
\tikzdeclarecoordinatesystem{x spherical}{% %%%rotation around x
\setkeys{x sphericalkeys}{#1}%
\pgfpointxyz{\myradius*cos(\mytheta)}{\myradius*sin(\mytheta)*cos(\myphi)}{\myradius*sin(\mytheta)*sin(\myphi)}}
%along y axis
\define@key{y sphericalkeys}{radius}{\def\myradius{#1}}
\define@key{y sphericalkeys}{theta}{\def\mytheta{#1}}
\define@key{y sphericalkeys}{phi}{\def\myphi{#1}}
\tikzdeclarecoordinatesystem{y spherical}{% %%%rotation around x
\setkeys{y sphericalkeys}{#1}%
\pgfpointxyz{\myradius*sin(\mytheta)*cos(\myphi)}{\myradius*cos(\mytheta)}{\myradius*sin(\mytheta)*sin(\myphi)}}
%along z axis
\define@key{z sphericalkeys}{radius}{\def\myradius{#1}}
\define@key{z sphericalkeys}{theta}{\def\mytheta{#1}}
\define@key{z sphericalkeys}{phi}{\def\myphi{#1}}
\tikzdeclarecoordinatesystem{z spherical}{% %%%rotation around x
\setkeys{z sphericalkeys}{#1}%
\pgfpointxyz{\myradius*sin(\mytheta)*cos(\myphi)}{\myradius*sin(\mytheta)*sin(\myphi)}{\myradius*cos(\mytheta)}}
\makeatother % https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/438695/121799
\begin{document}
\tdplotsetmaincoords{70}{130}
\begin{tikzpicture}[tdplot_main_coords]
\pgfmathsetmacro{\R}{16}
\path[clip]
plot[variable=\x,domain=2.5:52.5]
(z spherical cs:radius=\R,theta=80-2.5,phi=\x)
-- plot[variable=\x,domain=2.5:52.5]
(z spherical cs:radius=\R,theta=80-\x,phi=52.5)
-- plot[variable=\x,domain=52.5:2.5]
(z spherical cs:radius=\R,theta=80-52.5,phi=\x)
-- plot[variable=\x,domain=52.5:2.5]
(z spherical cs:radius=\R,theta=80-\x,phi=2.5);
\foreach \X in {0,5,...,55}
{\draw[decorate,decoration={coil,aspect=0.5,amplitude=1.5mm, segment
length=1.5mm}] plot[variable=\x,domain=0:55]
(z spherical cs:radius=\R,theta=80-\X,phi=\x);
\draw[decorate,decoration={coil,aspect=0.5,amplitude=1.5mm, segment
length=1.5mm}] plot[variable=\x,domain=0:55]
(z spherical cs:radius=\R,theta=80-\x,phi=\X);
}
\foreach \X in {5,10,...,50}
{\foreach \Y in {5,10,...,50}
{\path let \p1=($(z spherical cs:radius=\R,theta=80-\X+1,phi=\Y)-(z
spherical cs:radius=\R,theta=80-\X,phi=\Y)$),
\p2=($(z spherical cs:radius=\R,theta=80-\X,phi=\Y+1)-(z
spherical cs:radius=\R,theta=80-\X,phi=\Y)$),
\n1={veclen(\x1,\y1)/12},\n2={veclen(\x2,\y2)/12},\n3={sqrt(\n1*\n2)}
in %\pgfextra{\typeout{\X,\Y:\n1,\n2}}
node[scale=\n3,transform shape,circle,text=white,font=\sffamily\bfseries\large,inner
color=blue,outer color=black] at (z spherical cs:radius=\R,theta=80-\X,phi=\Y) {+};}}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
至于你的额外要求：是的，这是可能的。但是，事情取决于你最终真正想要实现的目标。这里我给出了一些例子，这些例子很大程度上依赖于Fritz 的精彩回答。然而，当我尝试通过在不同层上绘制东西来完善它时，我遇到了意想不到的问题。无论如何，我不知道你的真正目的是什么。（参见例如这篇很棒的文章以获得更多可能性。）我恳请您以新问题的形式提出更多请求，其中列出了所有要求。毕竟，提问是免费的。我留给你的是
\documentclass[border=3.14mm,tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usepackage{xxcolor}
\pgfplotsset{compat=1.16}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathmorphing,decorations.markings}
% Declare nice sphere shading: http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/54239/12440
\pgfdeclareradialshading[tikz@ball]{ball}{\pgfqpoint{0bp}{0bp}}{%
color(0bp)=(tikz@ball!0!white);
color(7bp)=(tikz@ball!0!white);
color(15bp)=(tikz@ball!70!black);
color(20bp)=(black!70);
color(30bp)=(black!70)}
\makeatother
% Style to set TikZ camera angle, like PGFPlots `view`
\tikzset{viewport/.style 2 args={
x={({cos(-#1)*1cm},{sin(-#1)*sin(#2)*1cm})},
y={({-sin(-#1)*1cm},{cos(-#1)*sin(#2)*1cm})},
z={(0,{cos(#2)*1cm})}
}}
% Styles to plot only points that are before or behind the sphere.
\pgfplotsset{only foreground/.style={
restrict expr to domain={rawx*\CameraX + rawy*\CameraY + rawz*\CameraZ}{-0.05:100},
}}
\pgfplotsset{only background/.style={
restrict expr to domain={rawx*\CameraX + rawy*\CameraY + rawz*\CameraZ}{-100:0.05}
}}
% Automatically plot transparent lines in background and solid lines in foreground
\def\addFGBGplot[#1]#2;{
\addplot3[#1,only background, opacity=0.25] #2;
\addplot3[#1,only foreground] #2;
}
% attempt to do similar things for discrete plots
\def\addFGBGSampleplot[#1]#2;{
%\addplot3[#1,only background,gray!50] #2;
\addplot3[#1,only foreground] #2;
}
\newcommand{\ViewAzimuth}{-30}
\newcommand{\ViewElevation}{30}
\tikzset{spring/.style={decorate,decoration={coil,aspect=0.5,amplitude=1.5mm, segment
length=1.5mm}}}
% pgfmanual p. 1087
\pgfdeclareradialshading{ballshading}{\pgfpoint{-10bp}{10bp}}
{color(0bp)=(cyan!15!white); color(9bp)=(cyan!75!white);
color(18bp)=(cyan!70!black); color(25bp)=(cyan!50!black); color(50bp)=(black)}
\pgfdeclareplotmark{crystal ball}{\pgfpathcircle{\pgfpoint{0ex}{0ex}}{2ex}
\pgfshadepath{ballshading}{0}
\pgfusepath{}}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
% Compute camera unit vector for calculating depth
\pgfmathsetmacro{\CameraX}{sin(\ViewAzimuth)*cos(\ViewElevation)}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\CameraY}{-cos(\ViewAzimuth)*cos(\ViewElevation)}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\CameraZ}{sin(\ViewElevation)}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\R}{12}
\path[use as bounding box] (-\R,-\R) rectangle (\R,\R); % Avoid jittering animation
% Draw a nice looking sphere
\begin{scope}
\clip (0,0) circle (\R);
\begin{scope}[transform canvas={rotate=-20}]
\shade [ball color=white] (0,0.5) ellipse (\R*1.8 and \R*1.5);
\end{scope}
\end{scope}
\begin{axis}[
hide axis,
view={\ViewAzimuth}{\ViewElevation}, % Set view angle
every axis plot/.style={very thin},
disabledatascaling, % Align PGFPlots coordinates with TikZ
anchor=origin, % Align PGFPlots coordinates with TikZ
viewport={\ViewAzimuth}{\ViewElevation}, % Align PGFPlots coordinates with TikZ
]
% plot latitude circles
\pgfplotsinvokeforeach{-75,-45,...,75}
{\addFGBGplot[spring,domain=0:2*pi, samples=51, samples y=1]
({\R*cos(#1)*cos(deg(x))}, {\R*cos(#1)*sin(deg(x))}, {\R*sin(#1)});}
% plot longitude circles
\pgfplotsinvokeforeach{0,30,...,150}
{\addFGBGplot[spring,domain=0:2*pi, samples=51, samples y=1]
({\R*cos(#1)*cos(deg(x))}, {\R*sin(#1)*cos(deg(x))}, {\R*sin(deg(x))});
}
% plot longitude circles
\pgfplotsinvokeforeach{0,30,...,330}
{\addFGBGSampleplot[only marks,mark=crystal ball,samples at={-75,-45,...,75}]
({\R*cos(#1)*cos(x)}, {\R*sin(#1)*cos(x)}, {\R*sin(x)});
}
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
