如果我在本地编译相同的文档，使用安装了 TeXLive2019 的 pdflatex，我得到的 pdf 与我在 arXiv 上编译相同的源（当前使用 TeXLive2016）得到的 pdf 不同。
我把主要问题缩小到microtype包的不同行为。MWE：
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{microtype}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\begin{document}
\lipsum
\end{document}
我上传了以下文件到 arXiv：
- 上面的 MWE
microtype.sty，microtype-pdftex.def以及microtype.cfg我的发行版
我仍然发现差异（通过用红色覆盖 2016 年编译的文档来突出显示）：
这是来自 arXiv 的日志，使用了microtype选项verbose。
TeX log appears below
[verbose]: Creating arXiv submission AutoTeX object
[verbose]: *** Using TeX Live 2016 ***
[verbose]: Calling arXiv submission AutoTeX process
[verbose]: TeX/AutoTeX.pm: admin_timeout = minion
[verbose]: <llncs.cls> is of type 'TeX auxiliary'.
[verbose]: <microtype.sty> is of type 'TeX auxiliary'.
[verbose]: <main.tex> is of type 'LATEX2e'.
[verbose]: <microtype-pdftex.def> is of type 'TeX auxiliary'.
[verbose]: <splncs04.bst> is of type 'TeX auxiliary'.
[verbose]: <microtype.cfg> is of type 'TeX auxiliary'.
[verbose]: <mathtools.sty> is of type 'TeX auxiliary'.
[verbose]: <mhsetup.sty> is of type 'TeX auxiliary'.
[verbose]: ~~~~~~~~~~~ Processing file 'main.tex'
[verbose]: arXiv Warning: user included plain hyperref directive.
[verbose]: TEXMFCNF is unset.
[verbose]: ~~~~~~~~~~~ Running hlatex for the first time ~~~~~~~~
[verbose]: Running: "(export HOME=/tmp PATH=/texlive/2016/bin/arch:/bin; cd /submissions/2920347/ && latex 'main.tex' < /dev/null)" 2>&1
[verbose]: This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.17 (TeX Live 2016) (preloaded format=latex)
restricted \write18 enabled.
entering extended mode
(./main.tex
LaTeX2e <2016/03/31> patch level 3
Babel <3.9r> and hyphenation patterns for 83 language(s) loaded.
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls
Document Class: article 2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo))
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/xcolor/xcolor.sty
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics-cfg/color.cfg)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics-def/dvips.def)) (./microtype.sty
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics/keyval.sty)
(./microtype-pdftex.def) (./microtype.cfg))
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/lipsum/lipsum.sty)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/hyperref.sty
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/oberdiek/hobsub-hyperref.sty
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/oberdiek/hobsub-generic.sty))
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/ifxetex/ifxetex.sty)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/oberdiek/auxhook.sty)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/oberdiek/kvoptions.sty)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/pd1enc.def)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-config/tex/latex/latexconfig/hyperref.cfg)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/url/url.sty))
Package hyperref Message: Driver (default): hdvips.
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/hdvips.def
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/pdfmark.def
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/oberdiek/rerunfilecheck.sty)))
No file main.aux.
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/microtype/mt-cmr.cfg)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/nameref.sty
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/oberdiek/gettitlestring.sty))
Package hyperref Warning: Rerun to get /PageLabels entry.
[1] [2] (./main.aux)
Package rerunfilecheck Warning: File `main.out' has changed.
(rerunfilecheck) Rerun to get outlines right
(rerunfilecheck) or use package `bookmark'.
)
Output written on main.dvi (2 pages, 8744 bytes).
Transcript written on main.log.
[verbose]: ~~~~~~~~~~~ Running hlatex for the second time ~~~~~~~~
[verbose]: Running: "(export HOME=/tmp PATH=/texlive/2016/bin/arch:/bin; cd /submissions/2920347/ && latex 'main.tex' < /dev/null)" 2>&1
[verbose]: This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.17 (TeX Live 2016) (preloaded format=latex)
restricted \write18 enabled.
entering extended mode
(./main.tex
LaTeX2e <2016/03/31> patch level 3
Babel <3.9r> and hyphenation patterns for 83 language(s) loaded.
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls
Document Class: article 2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo))
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/xcolor/xcolor.sty
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics-cfg/color.cfg)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics-def/dvips.def)) (./microtype.sty
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/graphics/keyval.sty)
(./microtype-pdftex.def) (./microtype.cfg))
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/lipsum/lipsum.sty)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/hyperref.sty
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/oberdiek/hobsub-hyperref.sty
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/oberdiek/hobsub-generic.sty))
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/ifxetex/ifxetex.sty)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/oberdiek/auxhook.sty)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/oberdiek/kvoptions.sty)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/pd1enc.def)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-config/tex/latex/latexconfig/hyperref.cfg)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/url/url.sty))
Package hyperref Message: Driver (default): hdvips.
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/hdvips.def
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/pdfmark.def
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/oberdiek/rerunfilecheck.sty))) (./main.aux)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/microtype/mt-cmr.cfg)
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/latex/hyperref/nameref.sty
(/texlive/2016/texmf-dist/tex/generic/oberdiek/gettitlestring.sty)) (./main.out
) (./main.out) [1] [2] (./main.aux) )
Output written on main.dvi (2 pages, 8744 bytes).
Transcript written on main.log.
[verbose]: Removing (La)TeX AUX file called 'main.aux' (1573234349 >= 1573234349)
[verbose]: Removing (La)TeX AUX file called 'main.out' (1573234349 >= 1573234349)
[verbose]: ~~~~~~~~~~~ Processing file 'main.dvi'
[verbose]: Running: "(export HOME=/tmp PATH=/texlive/2016/bin/arch:/bin; cd /submissions/2920347/ && dvips -R2 -z 'main.dvi' -o )" 2>&1
[verbose]: dvi(h)ps said ...
This is dvips(k) 5.996 Copyright 2016 Radical Eye Software (www.radicaleye.com)
' TeX output 2019.11.08:1732' -> main.ps
</texlive/2016/texmf-dist/dvips/base/texc.pro>
</texlive/2016/texmf-dist/dvips/base/texps.pro>
</texlive/2016/texmf-dist/dvips/base/special.pro>
</texlive/2016/texmf-dist/dvips/base/color.pro>
</texlive/2016/texmf-dist/dvips/base/hps.pro>.
</texlive/2016/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmr10.pfb>[1] [2]
<./head.tmp><./body.tmp>
.
[verbose]: Backing up 'main.ps'. Going to change %%Title line.
[verbose]: %%Title: line found and changed.
[verbose]: Title change completed.
[verbose]: Backing up 'main.ps'. Going to add a name/date stamp to it.
[verbose]: OK, inserting the stamp
[verbose]: Stamping completed.
[verbose]: All done.
[verbose]: AutoTeX process succeeded
[verbose]: Processing DVI
[verbose]: Gzipping and moving main.dvi
[verbose]: Gzipping ...2920347/main.dvi
[verbose]: Processing postscript
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for llncs.cls
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for main.dvi
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for main.dvi.gz
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for main.ps
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for main.tex
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for mathtools.sty
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for mhsetup.sty
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for microtype-pdftex.def
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for microtype.cfg
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for microtype.sty
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for splncs04.bst
[verbose]: Creating AutoTeX file for style
[verbose]: Gzipping ...2920347/main.ps
[verbose]: Moving .../2920347/main.ps.gz => .../2920347/tex_cache/2920347.ps.gz
[verbose]: Moving .../2920347/main.dvi.gz => .../2920347/tex_cache/2920347.dvi.gz
[verbose]: All generated files successfully moved.
[verbose]: ** AutoTeX job completed. **
答案1
从文件中可以看出log，您的文档是使用latex（然后dvips）而不是处理的pdflatex。与后者不同，latex不允许自动字体扩展，因此 禁用了此功能microtype，因此与使用 编译的文档相比存在差异pdflatex。
ArXiv 的提交帮助页面指出添加行
\pdfoutput=1
到文档的开头将确保编译pdflatex，从而允许字体扩展。