表格中奇怪的单词断行

Question 1

我的主要建议是使用横向模式显示表格。在下面的代码中，这是通过 (a) 加载包rotating和 (b) 使用包的sidewaystable环境来实现的。

我还建议您采用一个tabularx环境，将其宽度设置为\textwidth，并使用列类型的修改版本X- 其中修改包括暂停完全对齐 - 对于五个数据列。

\documentclass[11pt,fleqn,demo]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{helvet}
%%\usepackage{bscam} % huh?
%%%\usepackage[demo]{graphicx}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage[table,xcdraw]{xcolor}
%%%%\usepackage{pdflscape}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\useunder{\uline}{\ul}{}
%%%%\usepackage{lscape}
\usepackage{todonotes}
\usepackage{placeins}
\usepackage{geometry}
\usepackage{tikz}
%%%\usepackage{adjustbox}
%%%\usepackage{graphicx} 
\usepackage{amsmath}
%%%\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{sectsty}

% new:
\usepackage{amsmath,rotating,tabularx,ragged2e,booktabs}
\newcolumntype{L}{>{\RaggedRight\hspace{0pt}}X}
\newcommand{\mydash}{\nobreakdash-\hspace{0pt}}
\hyphenation{dys-pnoea dia-phrag-matic}

\begin{document}

\begin{sidewaystable}
\setlength\tabcolsep{4pt}
\setlength\extrarowheight{2.5pt}
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{} l LLLLL @{}}
\toprule
Breath tool & Description & Primary mechanisms & 
Advantages  & Disadvantages & Applications \\
\midrule
Rate & $\downarrow$~and/or paced BR 
     & $\downarrow$~relative $V_{D}$; ANS regulation 
     & $\uparrow$~perfusion; $\downarrow$~dyspnoea; and pacing assistance 
     & $\uparrow$~$V_{T}$ at less\mydash compliant lung volumes, initial air hunger 
     & Novice runners; low\mydash intensity exercise \\
Deep & $\uparrow$~$V_{T}$ via diaphragmatic engagement 
     & $\downarrow$~BR; $\uparrow$~abdominal ribcage contribution to $V_{E}$ 
     & $\downarrow$~WOB, LOV; $\uparrow$~postural control 
     & Difficult to cue 
     & Biofeedback; thoracic\mydash dominant breathers \\
Nose & Constant or intermittent nasal breathing 
     & $\uparrow$~NO; $\uparrow$~air humidification, warming, and filtration 
     & $\downarrow$~airway constriction; $\uparrow$~diaphragmatic activation 
     & Difficult at high intensities; time required for habituation 
     & Low intensity exercise; extreme climates \\
Active exhale 
     & Longer, forceful exhale phase with\slash without phonation 
     & $\downarrow$~expiratory flow velocity: $\uparrow$~abdominal engagement, expiratory pressure, and NO 
     & $\downarrow$~flow limitation, LOV; $\uparrow$~perfusion; and ANS regulation 
     & $\downarrow$~relative TI; difficult to cue 
     & Constant for calming effects; intermittent during high intensity or at altitude \\
Sync 
     & Step \& breath synchronization at whole\mydash integer ratios 
     & Step\mydash driven flows; rhythmic entrainment 
     & $\downarrow$~WOB; pacing assistance; hypnotic 
     & Difficult to learn; even ratios $\uparrow$~side stitch 
     & Odd ratios for $\downarrow$~side stitch; $\uparrow$~breath awareness \\
Strength 
     & Respiratory muscle resistance training 
     & $\uparrow$~ventilatory muscle activation, metabolic stress 
     & $\downarrow$~WOB, dyspnoea; $\uparrow$~diaphragmatic activation 
     & Special equipment needed; unclear protocols 
     & Low intensity exercise; training for competition \\
Hold & Intermittent brief end\mydash expiratory breath holds 
     & $\uparrow$~biochemical stress, spleen contraction 
     & $\downarrow$~chemosensitivity; cardiovascular performance 
     & Risk of syncope, intense air hunger unpleasant 
     & Pre\mydash competition; elite sport\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}

\caption{Overview Breath Tools \cite{Harbouretal}}
\label{tab:breathingtechniques}%
\end{sidewaystable}
\end{document}

Answer

我的主要建议是使用横向模式显示表格。在下面的代码中，这是通过 (a) 加载包rotating和 (b) 使用包的sidewaystable环境来实现的。

我还建议您采用一个tabularx环境，将其宽度设置为\textwidth，并使用列类型的修改版本X- 其中修改包括暂停完全对齐 - 对于五个数据列。

\documentclass[11pt,fleqn,demo]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{helvet}
%%\usepackage{bscam} % huh?
%%%\usepackage[demo]{graphicx}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage[table,xcdraw]{xcolor}
%%%%\usepackage{pdflscape}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\useunder{\uline}{\ul}{}
%%%%\usepackage{lscape}
\usepackage{todonotes}
\usepackage{placeins}
\usepackage{geometry}
\usepackage{tikz}
%%%\usepackage{adjustbox}
%%%\usepackage{graphicx} 
\usepackage{amsmath}
%%%\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{sectsty}

% new:
\usepackage{amsmath,rotating,tabularx,ragged2e,booktabs}
\newcolumntype{L}{>{\RaggedRight\hspace{0pt}}X}
\newcommand{\mydash}{\nobreakdash-\hspace{0pt}}
\hyphenation{dys-pnoea dia-phrag-matic}

\begin{document}

\begin{sidewaystable}
\setlength\tabcolsep{4pt}
\setlength\extrarowheight{2.5pt}
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{} l LLLLL @{}}
\toprule
Breath tool & Description & Primary mechanisms & 
Advantages  & Disadvantages & Applications \\
\midrule
Rate & $\downarrow$~and/or paced BR 
     & $\downarrow$~relative $V_{D}$; ANS regulation 
     & $\uparrow$~perfusion; $\downarrow$~dyspnoea; and pacing assistance 
     & $\uparrow$~$V_{T}$ at less\mydash compliant lung volumes, initial air hunger 
     & Novice runners; low\mydash intensity exercise \\
Deep & $\uparrow$~$V_{T}$ via diaphragmatic engagement 
     & $\downarrow$~BR; $\uparrow$~abdominal ribcage contribution to $V_{E}$ 
     & $\downarrow$~WOB, LOV; $\uparrow$~postural control 
     & Difficult to cue 
     & Biofeedback; thoracic\mydash dominant breathers \\
Nose & Constant or intermittent nasal breathing 
     & $\uparrow$~NO; $\uparrow$~air humidification, warming, and filtration 
     & $\downarrow$~airway constriction; $\uparrow$~diaphragmatic activation 
     & Difficult at high intensities; time required for habituation 
     & Low intensity exercise; extreme climates \\
Active exhale 
     & Longer, forceful exhale phase with\slash without phonation 
     & $\downarrow$~expiratory flow velocity: $\uparrow$~abdominal engagement, expiratory pressure, and NO 
     & $\downarrow$~flow limitation, LOV; $\uparrow$~perfusion; and ANS regulation 
     & $\downarrow$~relative TI; difficult to cue 
     & Constant for calming effects; intermittent during high intensity or at altitude \\
Sync 
     & Step \& breath synchronization at whole\mydash integer ratios 
     & Step\mydash driven flows; rhythmic entrainment 
     & $\downarrow$~WOB; pacing assistance; hypnotic 
     & Difficult to learn; even ratios $\uparrow$~side stitch 
     & Odd ratios for $\downarrow$~side stitch; $\uparrow$~breath awareness \\
Strength 
     & Respiratory muscle resistance training 
     & $\uparrow$~ventilatory muscle activation, metabolic stress 
     & $\downarrow$~WOB, dyspnoea; $\uparrow$~diaphragmatic activation 
     & Special equipment needed; unclear protocols 
     & Low intensity exercise; training for competition \\
Hold & Intermittent brief end\mydash expiratory breath holds 
     & $\uparrow$~biochemical stress, spleen contraction 
     & $\downarrow$~chemosensitivity; cardiovascular performance 
     & Risk of syncope, intense air hunger unpleasant 
     & Pre\mydash competition; elite sport\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}

\caption{Overview Breath Tools \cite{Harbouretal}}
\label{tab:breathingtechniques}%
\end{sidewaystable}
\end{document}

Question 2

按照 Mico 在他的精彩回答 (+1) 中的建议使用tabularray包、\small字体大小和旋转表格：

\documentclass[11pt,fleqn,demo]{article}
\usepackage{geometry}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{helvet}

\usepackage[english]{babel}
\hyphenation{dys-pnoea dia-phrag-matic}
\usepackage{microtype}
%
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage[table,xcdraw]{xcolor}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\UseTblrLibrary{booktabs}

\begin{document}

\begin{sidewaystable}
\small
\begin{tblr}{colsep = 3pt, 
             colspec= {@{} X[0.4,l] *{5}{X[l]} @{}},
             row{1} = {font=\bfseries, c, m},
             rowsep = 3pt
             }
    \toprule
Breath tool & Description & Primary mechanisms &
Advantages  & Disadvantages & Applications \\
    \midrule
Rate & $\downarrow$~and/or paced BR
     & $\downarrow$~relative $V_{D}$; ANS regulation
     & $\uparrow$~perfusion; $\downarrow$~dyspnoea; and pacing assistance
     & $\uparrow$~$V_{T}$ at less compliant lung volumes, initial air hunger
     & Novice runners; low intensity exercise \\
Deep & $\uparrow$~$V_{T}$ via diaphragmatic engagement
     & $\downarrow$~BR; $\uparrow$~abdominal ribcage contribution to $V_{E}$
     & $\downarrow$~WOB, LOV; $\uparrow$~postural control
     & Difficult to cue
     & Biofeedback; thoracic dominant breathers \\
Nose & Constant or intermittent nasal breathing
     & $\uparrow$~NO; $\uparrow$~air humidification, warming, and filtration
     & $\downarrow$~airway constriction; $\uparrow$~diaphragmatic activation
     & Difficult at high intensities; time required for habituation
     & Low intensity exercise; extreme climates \\
Active exhale
     & Longer, forceful exhale phase with\slash without phonation
     & $\downarrow$~expiratory flow velocity: $\uparrow$~abdominal engagement, expiratory pressure, and NO
     & $\downarrow$~flow limitation, LOV; $\uparrow$~perfusion; and ANS regulation
     & $\downarrow$~relative TI; difficult to cue
     & Constant for calming effects; intermittent during high intensity or at altitude \\
Sync
     & Step \& breath synchronization at whole integer ratios
     & Step driven flows; rhythmic entrainment
     & $\downarrow$~WOB; pacing assistance; hypnotic
     & Difficult to learn; even ratios $\uparrow$~side stitch
     & Odd ratios for $\downarrow$~side stitch; $\uparrow$~breath awareness \\
Strength
     & Respiratory muscle resistance training
     & $\uparrow$~ventilatory muscle activation, metabolic stress
     & $\downarrow$~WOB, dyspnoea; $\uparrow$~diaphragmatic activation
     & Special equipment needed; unclear protocols
     & Low intensity exercise; training for competition \\
Hold & Intermittent brief end expiratory breath holds
     & $\uparrow$~biochemical stress, spleen contraction
     & $\downarrow$~chemosensitivity; cardiovascular performance
     & Risk of syncope, intense air hunger unpleasant
     & Pre competition; elite sport\\
\bottomrule
\end{tblr}

\caption{Overview Breath Tools \cite{Harbouretal}}
\label{tab:breathingtechniques}
\end{sidewaystable}
\end{document}

Answer

按照 Mico 在他的精彩回答 (+1) 中的建议使用tabularray包、\small字体大小和旋转表格：

\documentclass[11pt,fleqn,demo]{article}
\usepackage{geometry}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{helvet}

\usepackage[english]{babel}
\hyphenation{dys-pnoea dia-phrag-matic}
\usepackage{microtype}
%
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage[table,xcdraw]{xcolor}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\UseTblrLibrary{booktabs}

\begin{document}

\begin{sidewaystable}
\small
\begin{tblr}{colsep = 3pt, 
             colspec= {@{} X[0.4,l] *{5}{X[l]} @{}},
             row{1} = {font=\bfseries, c, m},
             rowsep = 3pt
             }
    \toprule
Breath tool & Description & Primary mechanisms &
Advantages  & Disadvantages & Applications \\
    \midrule
Rate & $\downarrow$~and/or paced BR
     & $\downarrow$~relative $V_{D}$; ANS regulation
     & $\uparrow$~perfusion; $\downarrow$~dyspnoea; and pacing assistance
     & $\uparrow$~$V_{T}$ at less compliant lung volumes, initial air hunger
     & Novice runners; low intensity exercise \\
Deep & $\uparrow$~$V_{T}$ via diaphragmatic engagement
     & $\downarrow$~BR; $\uparrow$~abdominal ribcage contribution to $V_{E}$
     & $\downarrow$~WOB, LOV; $\uparrow$~postural control
     & Difficult to cue
     & Biofeedback; thoracic dominant breathers \\
Nose & Constant or intermittent nasal breathing
     & $\uparrow$~NO; $\uparrow$~air humidification, warming, and filtration
     & $\downarrow$~airway constriction; $\uparrow$~diaphragmatic activation
     & Difficult at high intensities; time required for habituation
     & Low intensity exercise; extreme climates \\
Active exhale
     & Longer, forceful exhale phase with\slash without phonation
     & $\downarrow$~expiratory flow velocity: $\uparrow$~abdominal engagement, expiratory pressure, and NO
     & $\downarrow$~flow limitation, LOV; $\uparrow$~perfusion; and ANS regulation
     & $\downarrow$~relative TI; difficult to cue
     & Constant for calming effects; intermittent during high intensity or at altitude \\
Sync
     & Step \& breath synchronization at whole integer ratios
     & Step driven flows; rhythmic entrainment
     & $\downarrow$~WOB; pacing assistance; hypnotic
     & Difficult to learn; even ratios $\uparrow$~side stitch
     & Odd ratios for $\downarrow$~side stitch; $\uparrow$~breath awareness \\
Strength
     & Respiratory muscle resistance training
     & $\uparrow$~ventilatory muscle activation, metabolic stress
     & $\downarrow$~WOB, dyspnoea; $\uparrow$~diaphragmatic activation
     & Special equipment needed; unclear protocols
     & Low intensity exercise; training for competition \\
Hold & Intermittent brief end expiratory breath holds
     & $\uparrow$~biochemical stress, spleen contraction
     & $\downarrow$~chemosensitivity; cardiovascular performance
     & Risk of syncope, intense air hunger unpleasant
     & Pre competition; elite sport\\
\bottomrule
\end{tblr}

\caption{Overview Breath Tools \cite{Harbouretal}}
\label{tab:breathingtechniques}
\end{sidewaystable}
\end{document}

Question 3

好的，下面是一些分析和试验，以便更接近您想要的结果。所有更改都是在考虑以下问题的情况下完成的：“它能编译吗？”和“我是否朝着正确的方向前进？”

我引入了包babel，它负责处理指定语言中的连字符。booktab建议将此包用于书籍。
为了缩小您的问题范围，我禁用了所有（或大多数）不需要在表中显示问题的软件包。
虽然您的屏幕截图中显示了向上和向下箭头，但我在编译中看不到它们。相反，有一些额外的空白。缺少的是使用 Latex 预定义的\textuparrow和\textdownarrow。为简单起见，我引入了两个新命令\tup和\tdn，我在您的表格条目中使用了它们。
我不是表格方面的专家，这部分肯定可以做得更好。但是，我手动缩小了表格的宽度，不得不保留命令\bigstrut，并注释掉（即删除）\centering和\resizebox。 // 我还减少了行数以便更好地概览。（事实上，bigstrut 问题隐藏在大量内容中；因此逐步彻底删除和小规模重新插入铺平了道路（新内容失败意味着：麻烦制造者来了））
因为babel正在进行连字符处理，所以我故意删除了许多（如果不是全部）连字符。

我建议查阅一些关于 Latex 的介绍，以了解更多关于“好看”的方法Tex和Latex填充空格的方法。在某种程度上，你可以通过惩罚机制来影响它，但基本思想从一开始就是“写文本，让 Tex 进行放置”……这种方法很多时候都很好用，但并非总是如此。

我还建议仔细查看表格，不仅是 Latex 附带的传统表格，还有 ctan：https://www.ctan.org/topic/table。

\documentclass[11pt,fleqn]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

\usepackage[english]{babel}% takes care of language specific hyphenation
\usepackage{booktabs}% recommended for books

% --- diabling packages, which aren't neede for this problem ---
\usepackage{helvet}
    %\usepackage{bscam} % missing // what is is?
    %\usepackage[demo]{graphicx}
    %\usepackage{subcaption}
    %\usepackage[table,xcdraw]{xcolor}
    %\usepackage{pdflscape}
    %\usepackage{longtable}% used correctly below?
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\useunder{\uline}{\ul}{}
    %\usepackage{lscape}
    %\usepackage{todonotes}% needed for the table?
    %\usepackage{placeins}% needed for the table?
    %\usepackage{geometry}
    %\usepackage{tikz}
    %\usepackage{adjustbox}
    %\usepackage{graphicx} 
\usepackage{amsmath}
    %\usepackage{xcolor}
    %\usepackage{sectsty}% relevant to change fonts of sections

% --- abbreviations -------
\newcommand\tup{\textuparrow{}}% arrow up
\newcommand\tdn{\textdownarrow{}}% arrow down


\begin{document}

\tup{} \tdn{}

\begin{table}[h]
 %        \centering
%          \resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{%
 %           \begin{tabular}{p{6em}p{9em}p{11em}p{10em}p{9em}p{11em}}
          \begin{tabular}{p{4em}p{6em}p{7em}p{7em}p{6em}p{6em}}
 %            \begin{tabular}{llllll}
      \hline
            \textbf{Breath tool} & \textbf{Description} & \textbf{Primary mechanisms} & \textbf{Advantages} & \textbf{Disadvantages} & \textbf{Applications} \\%\bigstrut\\% <<< bigstruct seems to be wrong here
            \hline
% replacing the copied arrow by Latex-definitions
           Deep & \tup{} $V_{T}$ via diaphragmatic engagement & \tdn{} BR; \tup{} abdominal ribcage contribution to $V_{E}$ & \tdn{} WOB, LOV; \tup{} postural control & Difficult to cue & Biofeedback; thoracic-dominant breathers \\
 
            Hold & Intermittent brief end-expiratory breath holds & \tup{} biochemical stress, spleen contraction & \tdn{} chemosensitivity; cardiovascular performance & Risk of syncope, intense air hunger unpleasant & Precompetition; elite sport\\% \bigstrut[b]\\
            \hline
 
            \end{tabular}%
%        }
          \label{tab:breathingtechniques}%
          \caption{Overview Breath Tools \cite{Harbouretal}}% this citation points to nowhere
        \end{table}%
\end{document}

Answer

好的，下面是一些分析和试验，以便更接近您想要的结果。所有更改都是在考虑以下问题的情况下完成的：“它能编译吗？”和“我是否朝着正确的方向前进？”

我引入了包babel，它负责处理指定语言中的连字符。booktab建议将此包用于书籍。
为了缩小您的问题范围，我禁用了所有（或大多数）不需要在表中显示问题的软件包。
虽然您的屏幕截图中显示了向上和向下箭头，但我在编译中看不到它们。相反，有一些额外的空白。缺少的是使用 Latex 预定义的\textuparrow和\textdownarrow。为简单起见，我引入了两个新命令\tup和\tdn，我在您的表格条目中使用了它们。
我不是表格方面的专家，这部分肯定可以做得更好。但是，我手动缩小了表格的宽度，不得不保留命令\bigstrut，并注释掉（即删除）\centering和\resizebox。 // 我还减少了行数以便更好地概览。（事实上，bigstrut 问题隐藏在大量内容中；因此逐步彻底删除和小规模重新插入铺平了道路（新内容失败意味着：麻烦制造者来了））
因为babel正在进行连字符处理，所以我故意删除了许多（如果不是全部）连字符。

我建议查阅一些关于 Latex 的介绍，以了解更多关于“好看”的方法Tex和Latex填充空格的方法。在某种程度上，你可以通过惩罚机制来影响它，但基本思想从一开始就是“写文本，让 Tex 进行放置”……这种方法很多时候都很好用，但并非总是如此。

我还建议仔细查看表格，不仅是 Latex 附带的传统表格，还有 ctan：https://www.ctan.org/topic/table。

\documentclass[11pt,fleqn]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

\usepackage[english]{babel}% takes care of language specific hyphenation
\usepackage{booktabs}% recommended for books

% --- diabling packages, which aren't neede for this problem ---
\usepackage{helvet}
    %\usepackage{bscam} % missing // what is is?
    %\usepackage[demo]{graphicx}
    %\usepackage{subcaption}
    %\usepackage[table,xcdraw]{xcolor}
    %\usepackage{pdflscape}
    %\usepackage{longtable}% used correctly below?
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\useunder{\uline}{\ul}{}
    %\usepackage{lscape}
    %\usepackage{todonotes}% needed for the table?
    %\usepackage{placeins}% needed for the table?
    %\usepackage{geometry}
    %\usepackage{tikz}
    %\usepackage{adjustbox}
    %\usepackage{graphicx} 
\usepackage{amsmath}
    %\usepackage{xcolor}
    %\usepackage{sectsty}% relevant to change fonts of sections

% --- abbreviations -------
\newcommand\tup{\textuparrow{}}% arrow up
\newcommand\tdn{\textdownarrow{}}% arrow down


\begin{document}

\tup{} \tdn{}

\begin{table}[h]
 %        \centering
%          \resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{%
 %           \begin{tabular}{p{6em}p{9em}p{11em}p{10em}p{9em}p{11em}}
          \begin{tabular}{p{4em}p{6em}p{7em}p{7em}p{6em}p{6em}}
 %            \begin{tabular}{llllll}
      \hline
            \textbf{Breath tool} & \textbf{Description} & \textbf{Primary mechanisms} & \textbf{Advantages} & \textbf{Disadvantages} & \textbf{Applications} \\%\bigstrut\\% <<< bigstruct seems to be wrong here
            \hline
% replacing the copied arrow by Latex-definitions
           Deep & \tup{} $V_{T}$ via diaphragmatic engagement & \tdn{} BR; \tup{} abdominal ribcage contribution to $V_{E}$ & \tdn{} WOB, LOV; \tup{} postural control & Difficult to cue & Biofeedback; thoracic-dominant breathers \\
 
            Hold & Intermittent brief end-expiratory breath holds & \tup{} biochemical stress, spleen contraction & \tdn{} chemosensitivity; cardiovascular performance & Risk of syncope, intense air hunger unpleasant & Precompetition; elite sport\\% \bigstrut[b]\\
            \hline
 
            \end{tabular}%
%        }
          \label{tab:breathingtechniques}%
          \caption{Overview Breath Tools \cite{Harbouretal}}% this citation points to nowhere
        \end{table}%
\end{document}

表格中奇怪的单词断行

答案1

答案2

答案3

相关内容