\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage{graphicx} % Required for inserting images
\usepackage{ctex, hyperref}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,xcolor,multicol,booktabs,calligra}
\usepackage{graphicx,pstricks,listings,stackengine}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{ragged2e}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{snakes}
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage{relsize}
\usepackage{chronology}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,shapes.geometric, arrows.meta,chains, arrows.spaced}
\usepackage[overlay]{textpos}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{forest}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsopn}
\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
\usepackage{multirow}
%\usepackage{newtxtext,newtxmath}
%\usetheme{Darmstadt}
\usetheme{Madrid}
%\usecolortheme{seahorse}
\let\tempItemizeBeg\itemize
\let\tempItemizeEnd\enditemize
\renewenvironment{itemize}{\tempItemizeBeg \justifying}{\tempItemizeEnd}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}{Effect Sizes}
\begin{itemize}
\item{\scriptsize Mauryama,(2014):Non-coresident parents-higher chance of longevity}
\item {\scriptsize Varghese and Roy,(2019): Reduces anaemia in pregnant women}
\item {\scriptsize Anukriti et al.,(2019): Likelihood to Visit HC}
\end{itemize}
%\vspace{-3cm}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
% draw horizontal line
\draw (-5,0) -- (6,0);
% draw nodes
\hspace{-1cm}
\draw (-2,0) node[below=3pt] {$ $} node[above=3pt] {$\begin{turn}{0} \textbf{3pp} \end{turn} $};
\hspace{0.5cm}
\draw (0,0) node[below=3pt] {$ $} node[above=3pt] {$\begin{turn}{0}\textbf {5.32pp} {$\begin{turn}{45}Mauryama,(2014) \end{turn}$}\end{turn}$};
\hspace{2.5cm}
\draw (0,0) node[below=3pt] {$ $} node[above=3pt] {$\begin{turn}{0}\textbf {(-)13.2pp} {$\begin{turn}{45}Varghese and Roy,(2019) \end{turn}$}\end{turn}$};
\hspace{2.5cm}
\draw (0,0) node[below=3pt] {$ $} node[above=3pt] {$\begin{turn}{0}\textbf {(-)13.4pp} {$\begin{turn}{45}Anukriti et al.,(2019) \end{turn}$}\end{turn}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
答案1
你真的应该清理一下你的前言。特别是如果你是 Latex 新手，请只加载你在本文档中使用的包。这将避免因包之间的交互而遇到问题。
如果您使用 beamer 类，这一点就更加重要。许多包是为普通文档类设计的，与 beamer 一起使用不一定是个好主意。
重新定义 itemize 环境并不是最好的主意。您会失去 beamer 添加到此环境的所有额外好处，例如 overlay-awareness。
如果您在不结束段落的情况下切换字体大小，行间距就会出错。相反，您可以简单地设置适当的 beamer 字体，beamer 会为您更改项目中的字体大小
也许阅读 tikz 简介会很有用。你可以在用户指南的开头找到教程https://texdoc.org/serve/tikz/0。如果您更喜欢书籍，当前 TUGBoat 中有一篇关于 tikz 书籍的评论：https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb44-3/tb138reviews-kottwitz-tikz.pdf
简而言之：您可以使用简单的语法将文本放置在 tikz 图片中
\node at (2,4) {text}。Tikz 也可以自动放置此类节点，但如果您是完全的初学者，绝对坐标可能更直观。
\documentclass[xcolor={table}]{beamer}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{ragged2e}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetheme{Madrid}
\usepackage{xpatch}
\xpatchcmd{\itemize}{\raggedright}{\justifying}{}{}
\setbeamerfont{itemize/enumerate body}{size=\scriptsize}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Effect Sizes}
\begin{itemize}
\item Mauryama (2014): Non-coresident parents-higher chance of longevity
\item Varghese and Roy (2019): Reduces anaemia in pregnant women
\item Anukriti et al. (2019): Likelihood to Visit HC
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (-3,0) -- (6,0);
\draw (-2,0.1) -- (-2,-0.1);
\draw (2,0.1) -- (2,-0.1);
\node[font=\bfseries,anchor=south] at (-2,0.15) {3pp};
\node[font=\bfseries,anchor=south] at (2,0.15) {5.32pp};
\node[anchor=north,text width=3cm,align=center] at (-2,-0.15) {Mauryama (2014)};
\node[anchor=north,text width=3cm,align=center] at (2,-0.15) {Varghese and Roy (2019)};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
