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使用 virt-install 从命令行安装 VM

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使用 virt-install 从命令行安装 VM

免责声明：

我现在用它virt-manager来创建和管理我的虚拟机，它确实是我的救星。如果主机没有图形显示器，则可以远程使用它（从第三台机器，通常是您的工作站）。

我发现安装教程中出现的vnc使我认为“推荐”过程需要主机、来宾或两者上的 X 东西。绝对不。我的错。如果您遇到同样的情况，请在尝试从命令行安装虚拟机之前三思而后行。

我正在尝试使用 Debian 主机安装 Debian 虚拟机virt-install，但我不知道如何向其传递 .iso 映像。

virt-install --connect qemu:///system --virt-type kvm --name prod --ram 6144 --disk /srv/vm/prod.qcow,format=qcow2,size=10 --location=/home/jerome/debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso --network bridge=br0 --os-type linux --os-variant debianwheezy --extra-args='console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial'

Starting install...
Retrieving file info...                                                                                                                                         |  160 B     00:00 ... 
ERROR    Could not find an installable distribution at '/home/jerome/debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso'
The location must be the root directory of an install tree.
Domain installation does not appear to have been successful.
If it was, you can restart your domain by running:
  virsh --connect qemu:///system start prod
otherwise, please restart your installation.
root@versailles:/etc#

我见过的解决方案似乎相当扭曲，比如使用 apache 在本地提供 .iso 映像，就好像它来自遥远的地方一样。

我不敢相信事情有这么复杂。是吗？

man virt-install说：

If you want to use those options with CDROM media, you have a few options:

         * Run virt-install as root and do --location ISO

         * Mount the ISO at a local directory, and do --location DIRECTORY

         * Mount the ISO at a local directory, export that directory over local http, and do --location http://localhost/DIRECTORY

这不是我正在做的事吗？

有人说他将 .iso 移至 /cdrom 并且成功了但我不明白他到底做了什么，我无法重现。

我不能使用--cdrom而不是--location像这个问题因为--extra-args只有在指定时才有效--location。

virt-install --connect qemu:///system --virt-type kvm --name prod --ram 6144 --disk /srv/vm/prod.qcow,format=qcow2,size=10 --cdrom=/home/jerome/debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso --network bridge=br0 --os-type linux --os-variant debianwheezy --extra-args='console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial'
ERROR    --extra-args only work if specified with --location. See the man page for examples of using --location with CDROM media

编辑：

登录--debug

virt-install --connect qemu:///system --virt-type kvm --name prod --ram 6144 --disk /srv/vm/prod.qcow,format=qcow2,size=10 --location=/home/jerome/debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso --network bridge=br0 --os-type linux --os-variant debianwheezy --extra-args='console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial' --debug
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (cli:187) Launched with command line: /usr/share/virt-manager/virt-install --connect qemu:///system --virt-type kvm --name prod --ram 6144 --disk /srv/vm/prod.qcow,format=qcow2,size=10 --location=/home/jerome/debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso --network bridge=br0 --os-type linux --os-variant debianwheezy --extra-args=console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial --debug
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (cli:195) Requesting libvirt URI qemu:///system
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (cli:199) Received libvirt URI qemu:///system
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (virt-install:193) Requesting virt method 'default', hv type 'kvm'.
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (virt-install:432) Received virt method 'kvm'
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (virt-install:433) Hypervisor name is 'hvm'
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (cli:476) DISPLAY is not set: defaulting to nographics.
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (guest:208) Setting Guest.os_variant to 'debianwheezy'
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (diskbackend:171) Path '/srv/vm' is target for pool 'srv-kvm'. Creating volume 'prod.qcow'.
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (connection:228) Fetching volume XML failed: Storage volume not found: no storage vol with matching path '/media/cdrom0/debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso'
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (virt-install:551) Guest.has_install_phase: True

Starting install...
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (distroinstaller:417) Using scratchdir=/var/lib/libvirt/boot
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:204) Preparing mount at /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:214) mount cmd: ['/bin/mount', '-o', 'ro,loop', '/home/jerome/debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso', '/var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f']
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:302) Finding distro store for location=/home/jerome/debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/.treeinfo
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:325) Prioritizing distro store=<class 'virtinst.urlfetcher.DebianDistro'>
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/current/images/MANIFEST
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/daily/MANIFEST
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/Fedora
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:99) Fetching URI: /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/.disk/info
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:110) Saved file to /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinst-info.lZMVqL
Retrieving file info...                                                                                                                                                                                                  |  160 B     00:00 ... 
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:1016) Regex didn't match, not a ALT Linux distro
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/current/images/MANIFEST
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/install/netboot/version.info
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/SL
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/directory.yast
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/CentOS
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/VERSION
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/Server
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/Client
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/RedHat
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/images/boot.iso
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/boot/boot.iso
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/current/images/netboot/mini.iso
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:183) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f/install/images/boot.iso
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (urlfetcher:225) Cleaning up mount at /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.srz86f
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (cli:234)   File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virt-install", line 876, in <module>
    sys.exit(main())
  File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virt-install", line 870, in main
    start_install(guest, continue_inst, options)
  File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virt-install", line 588, in start_install
    fail(e, do_exit=False)
  File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtinst/cli.py", line 234, in fail
    logging.debug("".join(traceback.format_stack()))

[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] ERROR (cli:235) Could not find an installable distribution at '/home/jerome/debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso'
The location must be the root directory of an install tree.
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (cli:237) 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virt-install", line 560, in start_install
    dom = guest.start_install(meter=meter, noboot=options.noreboot)
  File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtinst/guest.py", line 384, in start_install
    self._prepare_install(meter, dry)
  File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtinst/guest.py", line 277, in _prepare_install
    util.make_scratchdir(self.conn, self.type))
  File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtinst/installer.py", line 201, in prepare
    self._prepare(guest, meter, scratchdir)
  File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtinst/distroinstaller.py", line 444, in _prepare
    self._prepare_kernel_url(guest, fetcher)
  File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtinst/distroinstaller.py", line 347, in _prepare_kernel_url
    store = urlfetcher.getDistroStore(guest, fetcher)
  File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtinst/urlfetcher.py", line 346, in getDistroStore
    fetcher.location))
ValueError: Could not find an installable distribution at '/home/jerome/debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso'
The location must be the root directory of an install tree.
[mer., 03 juin 2015 17:46:12 virt-install 12991] DEBUG (cli:248) Domain installation does not appear to have been successful.
If it was, you can restart your domain by running:
  virsh --connect qemu:///system start prod
otherwise, please restart your installation.
Domain installation does not appear to have been successful.
If it was, you can restart your domain by running:
  virsh --connect qemu:///system start prod
otherwise, please restart your installation.

它可以工作，--location http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/stable/main/installer-amd64/但是当 .iso 映像在本地可用时这样做不是有点可惜吗？

  • 失去可追溯性：您无法在确保获得完全相同的来源后进行复制。

  • 多次使用服务器/镜像的带宽。

  • 需要互联网接入。

  • 慢点。

答案1

这个方法对我有用：

virt-install --name=centos \
--memory=8196 --vcpus=2 \
--location=/var/lib/libvirt/images/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso \
--disk /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos7.qcow2,device=disk,bus=virtio,size=8 \
--network bridge:br0 \
--os-type=linux  \
--nographics \
--extra-args='console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial'

答案2

virt-install尝试从 ISO 映像中提取内核和 initrd 文件。您--debug可以看到它的整个活动，包括循环安装、搜索这些文件等。

Starting install...
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (Installer:182) scratchdir=/var/lib/libvirt/boot
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:184) Preparing mount at /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (OSDistro:65) Attempting to detect distro:
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/.treeinfo
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/Fedora
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/Server
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/Client
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/RedHat
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/CentOS
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/SL
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/directory.yast
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/current/images/MANIFEST
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/daily/MANIFEST
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/current/images/MANIFEST
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/install/netboot/version.info
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/initrd.gz
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (OSDistro:990) Doesn't look like an Ubuntu Distro.
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/VERSION
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/VERSION
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/boot/platform/i86xpv/kernel/unix
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/platform/i86xpv/kernel/unix
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/STARTUP/XNLOADER.SYS
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/images/boot.iso
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/boot/boot.iso
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/current/images/netboot/mini.iso
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:169) local hasFile: Couldn't find /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql/install/images/boot.iso
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] DEBUG (ImageFetcher:205) Cleaning up mount at /var/lib/libvirt/boot/virtinstmnt.dwcpql
[Wed, 03 Jun 2015 07:56:40 virt-install 29692] ERROR (cli:445) Could not find an installable distribution at '/home/yaegashi/debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso'

我想virt-install不支持 Debian netinst ISO 映像--location（但不知何故 Ubuntu 支持？）。

要使用 启动内核--extra-args，virt-install需要有这些内核和相应的 initrd 文件。 --cdrom只是将 ISO 附加到来宾的 CD 驱动器，这不足以使用--extra-args.

如果您想使用--extra-args，我建议您通过指定最近镜像的 Debian 安装程序 URL 来使用“netboot”内核/initrd 文件，如 --location http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/stable/main/installer-amd64/手册中所述。

答案3

区别在于在 iso 文件中所使用的。

virt-install它与使用的方式无关（--location与 http URL 一起使用还是--location与本地 iso 文件的路径一起使用）。

这是使用时有效的命令Debian 在线存储库作为--location（包括获取输出以完成安装，直到第一次启动（然后需要另外两个步骤才能最终进入新的虚拟机，但这是另一个故事）：

virt-install --virt-type kvm --name test8 --memory 2048 --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/test8-1.qcow2,size=5 --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/test8-2.qcow2,size=2 --location http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian/dists/stable/main/installer-amd64/ --graphics none --extra-args='console tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial'

您可以采取完全相同的命令，但使用上面提到的Centos ISO 文件as --location，它也能正常工作（除了与串行控制台的连接一开始似乎不起作用，但原则上安装是使用 --location 和 ISO 文件开始的）：

virt-install --virt-type kvm --name test8 --memory 2048 --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/test8-1.qcow2,size=5 --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/test8-2.qcow2,size=2 --location /softwarestorage/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso --graphics none --extra-args='console tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial'

输出是：

Starting install...
Retrieving file .treeinfo...                                                                                                                                                                | 2.2 kB     00:00 ... 
Retrieving file vmlinuz...                                                                                                                                                                  | 9.8 MB     00:00 ... 
Retrieving file initrd.img...                                                                                                                                                               |  73 MB     00:00 ... 
Creating domain...                                                                                                                                                                          |    0 B     00:00     
Connected to domain test8
Escape character is ^]

但如果你使用Debian ISO 文件对于--location，您会得到错误：

virt-install --virt-type kvm --name test8 --memory 2048 --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/test8-1.qcow2,size=5 --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/test8-2.qcow2,size=2 --location /softwarestorage/debian-8.5.0-amd64-CD-1.iso --graphics none --extra-args='console tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial'

Starting install...
Retrieving file info...                                                                                                                                                                     |  150 B     00:00 ... 
ERROR    Could not find an installable distribution at '/softwarestorage/debian-8.5.0-amd64-CD-1.iso'
The location must be the root directory of an install tree.
Domain installation does not appear to have been successful.
If it was, you can restart your domain by running:
  virsh --connect qemu:///system start test8
otherwise, please restart your installation.

依我之见，这证明 Debian ISO 中缺少某些东西/存在任何“错误”（目前不确定我从哪里获得它，但也许有人可以下载一个新的并重复测试...）

答案4

以下内容对我从 Ubuntu 16.04 主机系统安装 Debian 10 有用：

cd /usr/share/virt-manager/virtinst/
patch <<.
--- urlfetcher.py.orig 2019-07-25 13:54:37.496567791 +1200
+++ urlfetcher.py      2019-07-25 13:54:43.180373257 +1200
@@ -663,6 +663,8 @@
                 ]
     _hvm_paths = [("pxeboot/vmlinuz",
                     "images/pxeboot/initrd.img"),       # Fedora
+                  ("install.amd/vmlinuz",
+                    "install.amd/initrd.gz"),   # Debian
                 ]
     _iso_paths = ["images/boot.iso",                   # RH/Fedora
                    "boot/boot.iso",                     # Suse
.

virt-install ... --location=/srv/software/Debian/debian-10.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso --extra-args='console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8'

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