问题：当我将两个磁盘的速度相加时sda3，/dev/md3速度下降了很多，下降到了~100k
关于为什么它会降低速度的问题。
- 这是因为服务器处于正常模式，并且所有服务都在运行中......？比如mysql、apache、json等......
- 某些连接器是否损坏（从主板到硬盘的连接器）？
- 配置不好？我尝试修改
speed_limit_min - 硬盘是新的，只做了复制结构，我使用的命令是
sfdisk -d /dev/sdb | sfdisk /dev/sda - 也许硬盘与raid1不兼容？
一些信息
//Command for add sda device
mdadm --manage /dev/md3 --add /dev/sda3
// check status of resync
# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md3 : active raid1 sda3[2] sdb3[0]
970470016 blocks [2/1] [U_]
[>....................] recovery = 0.0% (43840/970470016) finish=29872.1min speed=541K/sec
md1 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1]
4194240 blocks [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
当我添加磁盘时mdadm raid1，速度下降了很多，另一个硬盘也是如此。:S
# hdparm -tT /dev/sda
/dev/sda:
Timing cached reads: 2 MB in 19.52 seconds = 104.94 kB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 2 MB in 65.97 seconds = 31.04 kB/sec
//remove disk because resync is freezen server
mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sda3
mdadm /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sda3
我尝试过的解决方案
# echo "5000" > /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_min
# echo "50000" > /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_max
参考：这里
重新同步中的正常速度/dev/sda without<--新磁盘
# hdparm -tT /dev/sda
/dev/sda:
Timing cached reads: 7512 MB in 2.00 seconds = 3758.92 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 150 MB in 3.02 seconds = 49.66 MB/sec
无需使用 mdadm 重新同步即可保持正常速度/dev/sdb<-- 磁盘良好
# hdparm -tT /dev/sdb
/dev/sdb:
Timing cached reads: 7000 MB in 2.00 seconds = 3502.26 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 248 MB in 3.01 seconds = 82.34 MB/sec
显示 sdb 磁盘分区和 sda 的命令
#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 931.5G 0 disk
|-sdb1 8:17 0 4G 0 part
| `-md1 9:1 0 4G 0 raid1 /
|-sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
`-sdb3 8:19 0 925.5G 0 part
`-md3 9:3 0 925.5G 0 raid1
|-vg00-usr (dm-0) 252:0 0 105G 0 lvm /usr
|-vg00-var (dm-1) 252:1 0 720G 0 lvm /var
`-vg00-home (dm-2) 252:2 0 70G 0 lvm /home
sda 8:32 0 931.5G 0 disk
|-sda1 8:33 0 4G 0 part
| `-md1 9:1 0 4G 0 raid1 /
|-sda2 8:34 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
`-sda3 8:35 0 925.5G 0 part
额外的信息
blockdev --getra /dev/md3
256
cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 16 976762584 sdb
8 17 4194304 sdb1
8 18 2097152 sdb2
8 19 970470104 sdb3
9 1 4194240 md1
9 3 970470016 md3
252 0 110100480 dm-0
252 1 754974720 dm-1
252 2 73400320 dm-2
8 32 976762584 sda
8 33 4194304 sda1
8 34 2097152 sda2
8 35 970470104 sda3
# mdadm.conf
#
# Please refer to mdadm.conf(5) for information about this file.
#
# by default (built-in), scan all partitions (/proc/partitions) and all
# containers for MD superblocks. alternatively, specify devices to scan, using
# wildcards if desired.
#DEVICE partitions containers
# auto-create devices with Debian standard permissions
CREATE owner=root group=disk mode=0660 auto=yes
# automatically tag new arrays as belonging to the local system
HOMEHOST <system>
# instruct the monitoring daemon where to send mail alerts
MAILADDR root
# definitions of existing MD arrays
ARRAY /dev/md1 level=raid1 num-devices=2 devices=/dev/sda1,/dev/sdb1
ARRAY /dev/md3 level=raid1 num-devices=2 devices=/dev/sda3,/dev/sdb3
#ARRAY /dev/md11 level=raid1 num-devices=2 devices=/dev/sdc1,/dev/sdd1
# mdadm --detail /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
Version : 0.90
Creation Time : Tue Jun 28 21:37:54 2016
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 4194240 (4.00 GiB 4.29 GB)
Used Dev Size : 4194240 (4.00 GiB 4.29 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 1
Preferred Minor : 1
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Jan 2 11:11:27 2017
State : clean, degraded
Active Devices : 1
Working Devices : 1
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
UUID : 4878c265:cddfb861:1f51fb89:78ee93fe
Events : 0.581776
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 0 0 0 removed
1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1
# mdadm --detail /dev/md3
/dev/md3:
Version : 0.90
Creation Time : Tue Jun 28 21:37:54 2016
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 970470016 (925.51 GiB 993.76 GB)
Used Dev Size : 970470016 (925.51 GiB 993.76 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 1
Preferred Minor : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Jan 2 11:12:15 2017
State : active, degraded
Active Devices : 1
Working Devices : 1
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
UUID : 3719a2fe:5de22a92:1f51fb89:78ee93fe
Events : 0.26462169
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 19 0 active sync /dev/sdb3
1 0 0 1 removed
smartctl 具有长测试结果
这是新的开发人员，新的硬盘
# smartctl -a /dev/sda
smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-3.13.0-106-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 (AF)
Device Model: ST1000DM003-1SB102
Serial Number: Z9A4SRJX
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 092058fcf
Firmware Version: CC43
User Capacity: 1,000,204,886,016 bytes [1.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is: SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Sat Dec 31 13:54:02 2016 MST
==> WARNING: A firmware update for this drive may be available,
see the following Seagate web pages:
http://knowledge.seagate.com/articles/en_US/FAQ/207931en
http://knowledge.seagate.com/articles/en_US/FAQ/223651en
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 241) Self-test routine in progress...
10% of test remaining.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 104) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x1085) SCT Status supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 073 064 006 Pre-fail Always - 22632891
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 1
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 253 045 Pre-fail Always - 25770426301
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 70
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 1
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 1
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 090 090 000 Old_age Always - 24 32 32
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 070 069 040 Old_age Always - 30 (Min/Max 25/31)
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 030 025 000 Old_age Always - 30 (0 25 0 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 010 009 000 Old_age Always - 22632891
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 69h+48m+11.238s
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 21834581
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 798310
SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 2
CR = Command Register [HEX]
FR = Features Register [HEX]
SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
ER = Error register [HEX]
ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.
Error 2 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 58 hours (2 days + 10 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was in an unknown state.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
04 51 00 00 00 00 00 Error: ABRT
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff 2d+10:52:15.111 NOP [Abort queued commands]
b0 d4 00 82 4f c2 00 00 2d+10:51:54.064 SMART EXECUTE OFF-LINE IMMEDIATE
61 00 10 50 0c db 41 00 2d+10:51:54.064 WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
61 00 08 ff ff ff 4f 00 2d+10:51:54.064 WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
ea 00 00 00 00 00 a0 00 2d+10:51:53.984 FLUSH CACHE EXT
Error 1 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 58 hours (2 days + 10 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was in an unknown state.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
04 51 00 00 00 00 00 Error: ABRT
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff 2d+10:46:05.163 NOP [Abort queued commands]
b0 d4 00 82 4f c2 00 00 2d+10:45:44.584 SMART EXECUTE OFF-LINE IMMEDIATE
61 00 18 88 0f 44 42 00 2d+10:45:44.584 WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
ea 00 00 00 00 00 a0 00 2d+10:45:44.584 FLUSH CACHE EXT
b0 d0 01 00 4f c2 00 00 2d+10:45:43.477 SMART READ DATA
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Self-test routine in progress 10% 70 -
# 2 Extended captive Interrupted (host reset) 90% 58 -
# 3 Extended captive Interrupted (host reset) 90% 58 -
# 4 Short offline Aborted by host 90% 58 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
旧磁盘，此开发是一切正常运行的地方
# smartctl -a /dev/sdb
smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-3.13.0-106-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 (AF)
Device Model: ST1000DM003-1CH162
Serial Number: S1D9YSS6
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 06106421b
Firmware Version: CC46
User Capacity: 1,000,204,886,016 bytes [1.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is: SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Sat Dec 31 13:52:22 2016 MST
==> WARNING: A firmware update for this drive is available,
see the following Seagate web pages:
http://knowledge.seagate.com/articles/en_US/FAQ/207931en
http://knowledge.seagate.com/articles/en_US/FAQ/223651en
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 575) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 112) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x3085) SCT Status supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 119 099 006 Pre-fail Always - 221092144
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 097 097 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 32
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 077 060 030 Pre-fail Always - 21764523466
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 087 087 000 Old_age Always - 11497
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 32
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 0 0
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 094 094 000 Old_age Always - 6
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 067 063 045 Old_age Always - 33 (Min/Max 32/34)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 31
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 183
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 033 040 000 Old_age Always - 33 (0 20 0 0 0)
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 11232h+41m+23.205s
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 55718050076
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 82556976137
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 11497 -
# 2 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 8059 -
# 3 Short offline Completed without error 00% 8042 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
答案1
您的新磁盘似乎存在一些固件或硬件相关问题。这可以通过两个数据点推断：
- 缓冲读取速度较慢（49 MB/s），比旧磁盘低得多
- 从 SMART 报告中看到的 SATA 命令超时。
检查磁盘是否存在固件更新，并对主板/控制器 BIOS 执行相同操作。如果可能，请在另一台 PC 上试用新磁盘，以确认缓冲读取速度是否缓慢。