在 DigitalOcean 上升级我的 debian（测试，jessie 到 stretch）服务器后，MariaDB 无法启动服务 MariaDB 启动。
我尝试清除所有 mariadb-* 和 mysql-* 包，删除配置和数据，然后重新安装它们，但 mariadb-server-10.1.21-5 拒绝配置：
Setting up mariadb-server-10.1 (10.1.21-5) ...
Job for mariadb.service failed because the control process exited with error code.
See "systemctl status mariadb.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.
invoke-rc.d: initscript mysql, action "start" failed.
● mariadb.service - MariaDB database server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Thu 2017-02-09 21:25:27 CET; 10ms ago
Process: 1696 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld $MYSQLD_OPTS $_WSREP_NEW_CLUSTER $_WSREP_START_POSITION (code=exited, status=227/NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES)
Process: 1589 ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c [ ! -e /usr/bin/galera_recovery ] && VAR= || VAR=`/usr/bin/galera_recovery`; [ $? -eq 0 ] && systemctl set-environment _WSREP_START_POSITION=$VAR || exit 1 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 1584 ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c systemctl unset-environment _WSREP_START_POSITION (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 1582 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/install -m 755 -o mysql -g root -d /var/run/mysqld (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 1696 (code=exited, status=227/NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES)
Feb 09 21:25:27 cddssh systemd[1]: Starting MariaDB database server...
Feb 09 21:25:27 cddssh systemd[1696]: mariadb.service: Failed at step NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES spawning /usr/sbin/mysqld: Invalid argument
Feb 09 21:25:27 cddssh systemd[1]: mariadb.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=227/NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES
Feb 09 21:25:27 cddssh systemd[1]: Failed to start MariaDB database server.
Feb 09 21:25:27 cddssh systemd[1]: mariadb.service: Unit entered failed state.
Feb 09 21:25:27 cddssh systemd[1]: mariadb.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
dpkg: error processing package mariadb-server-10.1 (--configure):
subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of mariadb-server:
mariadb-server depends on mariadb-server-10.1 (>= 10.1.21-5); however:
Package mariadb-server-10.1 is not configured yet.
dpkg: error processing package mariadb-server (--configure):
dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Errors were encountered while processing:
mariadb-server-10.1
mariadb-server
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
这是输出journalctl-xe在我尝试启动服务后：
Feb 09 05:10:52 cddssh systemd[1]: mariadb.service: Failed to set invocation ID on control group /system.slice/mariadb.service, ignoring: Operation not supported
Feb 09 05:10:52 cddssh systemd[1]: Starting MariaDB database server...
-- Subject: Unit mariadb.service has begun start-up
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: https://www.debian.org/support
--
-- Unit mariadb.service has begun starting up.
Feb 09 05:10:52 cddssh systemd[7114]: mariadb.service: Failed at step NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES spawning /usr/sbin/mysqld: Invalid argument
-- Subject: Process /usr/sbin/mysqld could not be executed
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: https://www.debian.org/support
--
-- The process /usr/sbin/mysqld could not be executed and failed.
--
-- The error number returned by this process is 22.
Feb 09 05:10:52 cddssh systemd[1]: mariadb.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=227/NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES
Feb 09 05:10:52 cddssh systemd[1]: Failed to start MariaDB database server.
-- Subject: Unit mariadb.service has failed
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: https://www.debian.org/support
--
-- Unit mariadb.service has failed.
--
-- The result is failed.
Feb 09 05:10:52 cddssh systemd[1]: mariadb.service: Unit entered failed state.
Feb 09 05:10:52 cddssh systemd[1]: mariadb.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
mysql 错误日志没有错误/警告。
我可以自行启动 mysqld 二进制文件。
我尝试按照以下说明进行操作https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/upgrade-10116maria-1jessie-broke-system/但后来我得到了错误
mariadb.service：步骤 NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES 失败，生成 /usr/sbin/mysqld：参数无效
似乎它与 selinux 有关，因为我在 /lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service 中发现了这些行
# Doesn't yet work properly with SELinux enabled
# NoNewPrivileges=true
有人对超级用户提出了非常类似的问题，但我不明白他是如何解决这个问题的：https://superuser.com/questions/1103321/mariadb-server-broken-after-failed-package-update
答案1
在#debian-next 的帮助下，我发现问题可能出在 digitalocean 自定义内核中。
检查后发现我使用的内核不是太新 – 3.2.0-4，但从 Web 界面选择了较新的版本并重新启动后，它就可以正常工作了。
答案2
我无法升级内核（这是一个 vps）。
我找到了一个解决方案：
编辑/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service
改成PrivateDevices=truePrivateDevices=false
跑步systemctl daemon-reload
和systemctl start mysql
答案3
我在使用 Debian 9.1 和 MariaDB 时也遇到了同样的问题10.1.26-MariaDB-0+deb9u1。似乎也与内核版本有关。将内核从 更新到 解决3.2.50了4.9.0-3-amd64该问题。
答案4
对我来说，这也是内核（升级到 4.9.0-3-amd64）；只有我在 Xen vm 中运行 MariaDB。
内核是从启动脚本中获取的 Dom0，因此即使更新后，它仍然有旧内核。更改 Dom0 上的脚本解决了 MariaDB 问题。