我在 ubuntu 20.04 上用 postfix 配置 dkim 大约花了 2 个小时。我尝试了所有方法，但 dkim 不起作用。
OpenDKIM 服务无法启动：
root@mail:~# service opendkim status
● opendkim.service - OpenDKIM DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Milter
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/opendkim.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: activating (start) since Sat 2022-01-08 19:39:15 CET; 59s ago
Docs: man:opendkim(8)
man:opendkim.conf(5)
man:opendkim-genkey(8)
man:opendkim-genzone(8)
man:opendkim-testadsp(8)
man:opendkim-testkey
http://www.opendkim.org/docs.html
Process: 62335 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/opendkim -x /etc/opendkim.conf (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Tasks: 7 (limit: 19660)
Memory: 2.7M
CGroup: /system.slice/opendkim.service
├─62336 /usr/sbin/opendkim -x /etc/opendkim.conf
└─62337 /usr/sbin/opendkim -x /etc/opendkim.conf
Jan 08 19:39:15 mail.mydomain.de systemd[1]: Starting OpenDKIM DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Milter...
Jan 08 19:39:15 mail.mydomain.de systemd[1]: opendkim.service: Can't open PID file /run/opendkim/opendkim.pid (yet?) after start: Operation not permitted
Jan 08 19:39:15 mail.mydomain.de opendkim[62337]: OpenDKIM Filter v2.11.0 starting (args: -x /etc/opendkim.conf)
Jan 07 13:32:59 mail.mydomain.de systemd[1]: Starting OpenDKIM DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Milter...
Jan 07 13:32:59 mail.mydomain.de systemd[1]: Started OpenDKIM DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Milter.
Jan 07 13:32:59 mail.mydomain.de opendkim[275965]: OpenDKIM Filter v2.11.0 starting (args: -x /etc/opendkim.conf)
Jan 08 10:35:44 mail.mydomain.de systemd[1]: Stopping OpenDKIM DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Milter...
Jan 08 10:35:50 mail.mydomain.de systemd[1]: opendkim.service: Succeeded.
Jan 08 10:35:50 mail.mydomain.de systemd[1]: Stopped OpenDKIM DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Milter.
这是我的 /etc/opendkim.conf：
# This is a basic configuration that can easily be adapted to suit a standard
# installation. For more advanced options, see opendkim.conf(5) and/or
# /usr/share/doc/opendkim/examples/opendkim.conf.sample.
# Log to syslog
Syslog yes
# Required to use local socket with MTAs that access the socket as a non-
# privileged user (e.g. Postfix)
UMask 002
# Sign for example.com with key in /etc/dkimkeys/dkim.key using
# selector '2007' (e.g. 2007._domainkey.example.com)
#Domain example.com
#KeyFile /etc/dkimkeys/dkim.key
#Selector 2007
# Commonly-used options; the commented-out versions show the defaults.
Canonicalization simple
Mode sv
SubDomains no
AutoRestart yes
AutoRestartRate 10/1M
Background yes
DNSTimeout 5
SignatureAlgorithm rsa-sha256
# Always oversign From (sign using actual From and a null From to prevent
# malicious signatures header fields (From and/or others) between the signer
# and the verifier. From is oversigned by default in the Debian pacakge
# because it is often the identity key used by reputation systems and thus
# somewhat security sensitive.
OversignHeaders From
## ResolverConfiguration filename
## default (none)
##
## Specifies a configuration file to be passed to the Unbound library that
## performs DNS queries applying the DNSSEC protocol. See the Unbound
## documentation at http://unbound.net for the expected content of this file.
## The results of using this and the TrustAnchorFile setting at the same
## time are undefined.
## In Debian, /etc/unbound/unbound.conf is shipped as part of the Suggested
## unbound package
# ResolverConfiguration /etc/unbound/unbound.conf
## TrustAnchorFile filename
## default (none)
##
## Specifies a file from which trust anchor data should be read when doing
## DNS queries and applying the DNSSEC protocol. See the Unbound documentation
## at http://unbound.net for the expected format of this file.
TrustAnchorFile /usr/share/dns/root.key
#OpenDKIM user
# Remember to add user postfix to group opendkim
UserID opendkim
# Map domains in From addresses to keys used to sign messages
KeyTable refile:/etc/opendkim/key.table
SigningTable refile:/etc/opendkim/signing.table
# Hosts to ignore when verifying signatures
ExternalIgnoreList /etc/opendkim/trusted.hosts
# A set of internal hosts whose mail should be signed
InternalHosts /etc/opendkim/trusted.hosts
Socket local:/var/spool/postfix/opendkim/opendkim.sock
这是我的 /etc/default/opendkim.conf
# Command-line options specified here will override the contents of
# /etc/opendkim.conf. See opendkim(8) for a complete list of options.
#DAEMON_OPTS=""
#
# Uncomment to specify an alternate socket
# Note that setting this will override any Socket value in opendkim.conf
# default:
SOCKET="local:/var/spool/postfix/opendkim/opendkim.sock"
# listen on all interfaces on port 54321:
#SOCKET="inet:54321"
# listen on loopback on port 12345:
#SOCKET="inet:12345@localhost"
# listen on 192.0.2.1 on port 12345:
#SOCKET="inet:[email protected]"
这是我的master.cf：
#
# Postfix master process configuration file. For details on the format
# of the file, see the master(5) manual page (command: "man 5 master" or
# on-line: http://www.postfix.org/master.5.html).
#
# Do not forget to execute "postfix reload" after editing this file.
#
# ==========================================================================
# service type private unpriv chroot wakeup maxproc command + args
# (yes) (yes) (no) (never) (100)
# ==========================================================================
smtp inet n - y - - smtpd
#smtp inet n - y - 1 postscreen
#smtpd pass - - y - - smtpd
#dnsblog unix - - y - 0 dnsblog
#tlsproxy unix - - y - 0 tlsproxy
submission inet n - y - - smtpd
-o smtpd_enforce_tls=yes
-o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
-o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
# -o syslog_name=postfix/submission
# -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
# -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
# -o smtpd_tls_auth_only=yes
# -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
# -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
# -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
# -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
# -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
# -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
# -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
#smtps inet n - y - - smtpd
# -o syslog_name=postfix/smtps
# -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes
# -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
# -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
# -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
# -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
# -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
# -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
# -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
# -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
#628 inet n - y - - qmqpd
pickup unix n - y 60 1 pickup
cleanup unix n - y - 0 cleanup
qmgr unix n - n 300 1 qmgr
#qmgr unix n - n 300 1 oqmgr
tlsmgr unix - - y 1000? 1 tlsmgr
rewrite unix - - y - - trivial-rewrite
bounce unix - - y - 0 bounce
defer unix - - y - 0 bounce
trace unix - - y - 0 bounce
verify unix - - y - 1 verify
flush unix n - y 1000? 0 flush
proxymap unix - - n - - proxymap
proxywrite unix - - n - 1 proxymap
smtp unix - - y - - smtp
relay unix - - y - - smtp
-o syslog_name=postfix/$service_name
# -o smtp_helo_timeout=5 -o smtp_connect_timeout=5
showq unix n - y - - showq
error unix - - y - - error
retry unix - - y - - error
discard unix - - y - - discard
local unix - n n - - local
virtual unix - n n - - virtual
lmtp unix - - y - - lmtp
anvil unix - - y - 1 anvil
scache unix - - y - 1 scache
postlog unix-dgram n - n - 1 postlogd
#
# ====================================================================
# Interfaces to non-Postfix software. Be sure to examine the manual
# pages of the non-Postfix software to find out what options it wants.
#
# Many of the following services use the Postfix pipe(8) delivery
# agent. See the pipe(8) man page for information about ${recipient}
# and other message envelope options.
# ====================================================================
#
# maildrop. See the Postfix MAILDROP_README file for details.
# Also specify in main.cf: maildrop_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
maildrop unix - n n - - pipe
flags=DRhu user=vmail argv=/usr/bin/maildrop -d ${recipient}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Recent Cyrus versions can use the existing "lmtp" master.cf entry.
#
# Specify in cyrus.conf:
# lmtp cmd="lmtpd -a" listen="localhost:lmtp" proto=tcp4
#
# Specify in main.cf one or more of the following:
# mailbox_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
# virtual_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Cyrus 2.1.5 (Amos Gouaux)
# Also specify in main.cf: cyrus_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
#cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -r ${sender} -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
# Old example of delivery via Cyrus.
#
#old-cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=R user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# See the Postfix UUCP_README file for configuration details.
#
uucp unix - n n - - pipe
flags=Fqhu user=uucp argv=uux -r -n -z -a$sender - $nexthop!rmail ($recipient)
#
# Other external delivery methods.
#
ifmail unix - n n - - pipe
flags=F user=ftn argv=/usr/lib/ifmail/ifmail -r $nexthop ($recipient)
bsmtp unix - n n - - pipe
flags=Fq. user=bsmtp argv=/usr/lib/bsmtp/bsmtp -t$nexthop -f$sender $recipient
scalemail-backend unix - n n - 2 pipe
flags=R user=scalemail argv=/usr/lib/scalemail/bin/scalemail-store ${nexthop} ${user} ${extension}
mailman unix - n n - - pipe
flags=FR user=list argv=/usr/lib/mailman/bin/postfix-to-mailman.py
${nexthop} ${user}
smtps inet n - y - - smtpd
-o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes
这是我的 /etc/postfix/main.cf：
# See /usr/share/postfix/main.cf.dist for a commented, more complete version
# Debian specific: Specifying a file name will cause the first
# line of that file to be used as the name. The Debian default
# is /etc/mailname.
#myorigin = /etc/mailname
smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP
myhostname = mail.mydomain.de
biff = no
# appending .domain is the MUA's job.
append_dot_mydomain = no
# Uncomment the next line to generate "delayed mail" warnings
#delay_warning_time = 4h
readme_directory = no
# See http://www.postfix.org/COMPATIBILITY_README.html -- default to 2 on
# fresh installs.
compatibility_level = 2
message_size_limit = 10240000
# TLS parameters
smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
smtpd_tls_security_level=may
smtp_tls_CApath=/etc/ssl/certs
smtp_tls_security_level=may
smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, reject_unauth_destination, reject_non_fqdn_sender
# Milter configuration
milter_default_action = accept
milter_protocol = 6
smtpd_milters = local:opendkim/opendkim.sock
non_smtpd_milters = $smtpd_milters
smtpd_sender_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
myorigin = /etc/mailname
mydestination = localhost
relayhost =
smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_unauth_destination
mailbox_command = procmail -a "$EXTENSION"
mailbox_size_limit = 0
recipient_delimiter = +
inet_interfaces = all
inet_protocols = all
#custom for kopano
virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
virtual_mailbox_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-users.cf
virtual_transport = lmtp:[localhost]:2003
virtual_mailbox_domains = mydomain1.de, mydomain2.de
#
smtpd_tls_ciphers = medium
smtpd_tls_mandatory_ciphers = medium
tls_medium_cipherlist = ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
smtpd_tls_mandatory_protocols = TLSv1.2
smtpd_tls_protocols = TLSv1.2
smtpd_tls_security_level = may
smtp_tls_security_level = may
smtp_use_tls = no
smtpd_client_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_rbl_client zen.spamhaus.org
smtp_send_xforward_command = yes
smtpd_authorized_xforward_hosts = 127.0.0.0/8 [::1]/128
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = no
virtual_mailbox_base = /var/qmail/mailnames
virtual_uid_maps = static:30
virtual_gid_maps = static:31
答案1
我遇到了同样的问题。我的声誉不够高，无法发表评论，因此留下评论并不能真正回答问题，但可能会帮助找到更好的答案。希望如此。
创建文件有助于 opendkim 启动。touch /run/opendkim/opendkim.pid
然后我发现你必须更改我刚刚对整个文件夹执行的文件的所有权。chown -R opendkim /run/opedkim
我相信问题始于该文件随后将所有权改回根目录，并且下次启动该过程时我收到同样的错误。
systemd[1]: opendkim.service: 启动后无法打开 PID 文件 /run/opendkim.pid (还不能打开吗?): 操作不允许
因此，这主要看起来像是所有权问题，而在此之前是文件不存在的问题。
我仍在调查，似乎仍存在一个问题，即套接字 local:/var/spool/postfix/opendkim/opendkim.sock 未创建，然后 postfix 发出抱怨，尽管 opendkim 正在运行。因此，我正在处理一个双层问题，但我想补充一下我的观察。
哦，我用的是 Debian
经过进一步调查并阅读上述评论后，我也确信这不是一个可以忽略的错误。
答案2
您正在 chroot 中运行您的 postfix：
SOCKET="local:/var/spool/postfix/opendkim/opendkim.sock"
但 systemd 正在尝试检查
/run/opendkim/opendkim.pid
答案3
根据Ask Ubuntu 上的这个答案，OpenDKIM 的 PID 文件可能不是必需的。该PidFile行可能会引起问题，可以删除。
尝试注释该PidFile行。
opendkim.conf：
#PidFile /var/run/opendkim/opendkim.pid
然后重新启动并检查状态。
这是一种方法。当然，还有很多其他因素，取决于你需要完成什么。