我有一个连接到 Debian GNU/Linux 服务器上的 USB 硬盘。我尝试使用以下命令将其格式化 (NTFS)：
# mkntfs -v /dev/sdd1
这需要几个小时，因为它还要检查磁盘。检查时，dmesg -T显示以下内容：
[Wed Jan 12 15:22:53 2022] sd 9:0:0:0: [sdd] Attached SCSI disk
[Wed Jan 12 18:03:26 2022] usb 1-4: USB disconnect, device number 5
[Wed Jan 12 18:03:26 2022] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sdd, sector 621745808 op 0x1:(WRITE) flags 0x104000 phys_seg 240 prio class 0
[Wed Jan 12 18:03:26 2022] Buffer I/O error on dev sdd1, logical block 621743760, lost async page write
[Wed Jan 12 18:03:26 2022] Buffer I/O error on dev sdd1, logical block 621743761, lost async page write
(...and so on for a few lines, then)
[Wed Jan 12 18:03:26 2022] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sdd, sector 621746048 op 0x1:(WRITE) flags 0x104000 phys_seg 240 prio class 0
[Wed Jan 12 18:03:26 2022] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sdd, sector 621746288 op 0x1:(WRITE) flags 0x100000 phys_seg 8 prio class 0
[Wed Jan 12 18:03:26 2022] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sdd, sector 621746296 op 0x1:(WRITE) flags 0x800 phys_seg 16 prio class 0
(...and so on for a few lines, then)
[Wed Jan 12 18:03:31 2022] buffer_io_error: 9015384 callbacks suppressed
(...other errors...)
从错误消息的数量来看，我认为硬盘几乎已经坏了，但将它连接到 Windows PC 上似乎可以正常工作。此外，第一个错误 ( usb 1-4: USB disconnect, device number 5) 先于其他错误出现dmesg，这让我怀疑问题不是硬盘本身，而是导致硬盘断开连接的其他原因，而后续错误可能是断开连接的明显后果。
但是我对输出不是很有经验dmesg，所以很可能我读错了。
编辑：根据 NiKiZe 的要求，以下是输出smartctl -a /dev/sdd：
# smartctl -a /dev/sdd
smartctl 6.6 2017-11-05 r4594 [x86_64-linux-5.10.0-3-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-17, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Western Digital Blue Mobile
Device Model: WDC WD10SPCX-00KHST0
Serial Number: WD-WXF1A95F0J3X
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 65b7e0332
Firmware Version: 01.01A01
User Capacity: 1.000.204.886.016 bytes [1,00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-2 (minor revision not indicated)
SATA Version is: SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 1.5 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Thu Jan 13 11:04:19 2022 CET
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Status not supported: Incomplete response, ATA output registers missing
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
Warning: This result is based on an Attribute check.
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: (16080) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 184) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 5) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x7035) SCT Status supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 190 184 021 Pre-fail Always - 1500
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 081 081 000 Old_age Always - 19048
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 073 073 000 Old_age Always - 20415
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 188
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 43
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 187 187 000 Old_age Always - 41054
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 119 095 000 Old_age Always - 28
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0008 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
假设这个硬盘真的坏了，那些错误信息是dmesg真的坏扇区造成的，为什么会dmesg显示断开连接前而不是之后的坏扇区消息？
答案1
首先发生断开连接，然后您会收到由断开连接引起的多种错误，其中生成磁盘写入的各个层都会注意到出现了问题。
大多数 I/O 都以具有磁盘支持的“脏”内存页的形式发生，内核最终会将其刷新到磁盘，此时距离应用程序确认写入已经过去很久了，并且唯一仍然对请求感兴趣的驱动层是内存子系统（想知道是否可以释放该页面）和文件系统（在写入数据后，需要生成更多写入来更新元数据）——上述所有内容都已被拆除。
一些请求不经过内存子系统（例如 SMART 状态查询），一些请求（如读取）可能仅附加到内存子系统，因为文件系统已查找了块映射并且不再需要参与。
因此，由于断开连接而收到的错误消息没有特定的顺序——它们发生在请求生成、提交和由于设备离线而拒绝时。如果某些请求之间存在因果关系（例如反映中止数据传输后新状态的日志条目——毕竟日志可能位于不同的设备上），那么这定义了一些顺序。
我可能会尝试在适当的 SATA 端口上使用该磁盘，并使用良好电源供电——USB 转 SATA 外壳中的电压转换器通常有点不稳定。
答案2
请认为驱动器已死。
通常情况下，格式化驱动器不会花太长时间。但是，对坏块进行重试和重置确实需要时间。
当然，这可能是由于电源故障或其他原因造成的。
并非所有 USB 设备都支持智能直通，但请尝试：
smartctl -a /dev/sdd特别查找Reallocated_Sector_Ct、、，如果其中任何一个具有除之外的，我会尝试避免将磁盘用于非重要数据以外的任何用途。Reallocated_Event_CountCurrent_Pending_SectorOffline_UncorrectableRAW_VALUE0
如果磁盘上没有数据，您可以尝试擦除它，使用类似（这里要小心！！！）dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdd bs=4M status=progress。之后您将需要重新创建分区表。