大约一周前，在对 Ubuntu 16.04 进行例行软件升级后，我遇到了一个奇怪的图形问题，某些文本或图标会变黑。这导致很难使用多个应用程序，因为按钮上经常会丢失大量文本。
知道是什么原因造成这个问题或者如何解决吗？
我正在使用带有开源驱动程序的 Nvidia 显卡，不幸的是，由于我在启用安全启动的情况下双启动 Windows，因此需要它。
更新（运行 sudo apt-get update 和 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade -f 时的输出）：
$ sudo apt-get update
Hit:1 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
Get:2 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease [109 kB]
Get:3 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease [107 kB]
Get:4 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 Packages [809 kB]
Get:5 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main i386 Packages [738 kB]
Get:6 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [318 kB]
Get:7 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main DEP-11 64x64 Icons [226 kB]
Get:8 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe amd64 Packages [643 kB]
Get:9 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe Translation-en [259 kB]
Get:10 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [246 kB]
Ign:11 http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable InRelease
Get:12 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe DEP-11 64x64 Icons [331 kB]
Get:13 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/multiverse amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [5,964 B]
Get:14 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports/main amd64 Packages [6,744 B]
Get:15 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports/main i386 Packages [6,740 B]
Get:16 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports/main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [3,324 B]
Get:17 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports/universe amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [5,100 B]
Get:18 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease [107 kB]
Hit:19 https://desktop-download.mendeley.com/download/apt stable InRelease
Hit:20 http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable Release
Get:22 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [67.7 kB]
Get:23 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main DEP-11 64x64 Icons [68.0 kB]
Get:24 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/universe amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [107 kB]
Get:25 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/universe DEP-11 64x64 Icons [140 kB]
Fetched 4,303 kB in 2s (1,887 kB/s)
AppStream cache update completed, but some metadata was ignored due to errors.
Reading package lists... Done
W: Target Packages (main/binary-amd64/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:3
W: Target Packages (main/binary-all/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:3
W: Target Translations (main/i18n/Translation-en_AU) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:3
W: Target Translations (main/i18n/Translation-en) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:3
W: Target DEP-11 (main/dep11/Components-amd64.yml) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:3
W: Target DEP-11-icons (main/dep11/icons-64x64.tar) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:3
W: Target Packages (main/binary-amd64/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:3
W: Target Packages (main/binary-all/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:3
W: Target Translations (main/i18n/Translation-en_AU) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:3
W: Target Translations (main/i18n/Translation-en) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:3
W: Target DEP-11 (main/dep11/Components-amd64.yml) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:3
W: Target DEP-11-icons (main/dep11/icons-64x64.tar) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:54 and /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list:
$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade -f
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
bbswitch-dkms dkms lib32gcc1 libc6-i386 libjansson4 libllvm5.0 libvdpau1 libxnvctrl0 mesa-vdpau-drivers nvidia-prime nvidia-settings vdpau-driver-all xserver-xorg-legacy
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following packages will be upgraded:
base-files snapd
2 to upgrade, 0 to newly install, 0 to remove and 0 not to upgrade.
Need to get 14.2 MB of archives.
After this operation, 1,167 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 base-files amd64 9.4ubuntu4.7 [65.9 kB]
Get:2 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 snapd amd64 2.33.1ubuntu2 [14.1 MB]
Fetched 14.2 MB in 0s (36.5 MB/s)
(Reading database ... 227661 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../base-files_9.4ubuntu4.7_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking base-files (9.4ubuntu4.7) over (9.4ubuntu4.6) ...
Processing triggers for cracklib-runtime (2.9.2-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Processing triggers for install-info (6.1.0.dfsg.1-5) ...
Processing triggers for plymouth-theme-ubuntu-text (0.9.2-3ubuntu13.5) ...
update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated)
Processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.122ubuntu8.11) ...
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-130-generic
Setting up base-files (9.4ubuntu4.7) ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/issue ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/issue.net ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/lsb-release ...
Processing triggers for plymouth-theme-ubuntu-text (0.9.2-3ubuntu13.5) ...
update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated)
Processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.122ubuntu8.11) ...
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-130-generic
(Reading database ... 227661 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../snapd_2.33.1ubuntu2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking snapd (2.33.1ubuntu2) over (2.32.9) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up snapd (2.33.1ubuntu2) ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/usr.lib.snapd.snap-confine.real ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/profile.d/apps-bin-path.sh ...
snapd.snap-repair.service is a disabled or a static unit, not starting it.
$ uname -a
Linux MU00141536L 4.4.0-130-generic #156-Ubuntu SMP Thu Jun 14 08:53:28 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
$ apt-cache policy ubuntu-desktop
ubuntu-desktop:
Installed: 1.361.1
Candidate: 1.361.1
Version table:
*** 1.361.1 500
500 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 Packages
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
1.361 500
500 http://au.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 Packages