我的笔记本电脑（Ubuntu 18.04）挂起几天后出现黑屏错误：
Read-error on swap-device
EXT4-fs error (device sda2)
EXT4-fs error (device sda2)
...
我尝试重启，结果却发现“没有可启动设备”。因此我尝试重新安装 Ubuntu，但失败了——安装向导中列出的硬盘只有 1GB。
我以为硬盘一定坏了，所以我买了一个新的硬盘并安装了 Ubuntu 20.04 - 一切顺利，我可以重新启动等，一切似乎都在正常工作。我让它暂停了一夜，今天早上我又回到了同样的状态黑屏错误和以前一样。同样和以前一样，我无法启动 — “没有可启动设备”。
有人知道发生了什么事吗？我该如何解决？每次笔记本电脑挂起时，我都不能买新的硬盘！
编辑：它认为硬盘只有 1GB 大小。输出SMART：
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo smartctl -data -A /dev/sda -s on -T permissive
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.4.0-42-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
SMART support is: Unavailable - device lacks SMART capability.
=== START OF ENABLE/DISABLE COMMANDS SECTION ===
SMART Enabled.
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda -s on -T permissive
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.4.0-42-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: SM2259AB-10-00801000
Serial Number: (03)5526888-20080228
Firmware Version: 20141211
User Capacity: 1,073,479,680 bytes [1.07 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: ACS-2 (minor revision not indicated)
Local Time is: Fri Dec 11 12:45:21 2020 UTC
SMART support is: Unavailable - device lacks SMART capability.
=== START OF ENABLE/DISABLE COMMANDS SECTION ===
SMART Enabled.
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x00) Offline data collection not supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0000) Automatic saving of SMART data is not implemented.
Error logging capability: (0x00) Error logging NOT supported.
No General Purpose Logging support.
SMART Error Log not supported
SMART Self-test Log not supported
Selective Self-tests/Logging not supported
输出fsck：
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fsck -y /dev/sda
fsck from util-linux 2.34
e2fsck 1.45.5 (07-Jan-2020)
ext2fs_open2: Bad magic number in super-block
fsck.ext2: Superblock invalid, trying backup blocks...
fsck.ext2: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sda
The superblock could not be read or does not describe a valid ext2/ext3/ext4
filesystem. If the device is valid and it really contains an ext2/ext3/ext4
filesystem (and not swap or ufs or something else), then the superblock
is corrupt, and you might try running e2fsck with an alternate superblock:
e2fsck -b 8193 <device>
or
e2fsck -b 32768 <device>
输出badblocks：
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo badblocks -v /dev/sda
Checking blocks 0 to 1048319
Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done
Pass completed, 0 bad blocks found. (0/0/0 errors)