我安装了 Ubuntu 14.04，随机出现只读文件系统 (/dev/sda3)。之前我使用的是 Arch Linux (3.14 lts)，也有同样的问题，但由于其他问题而放弃了。我用 badblocks（只读测试）测试了分区，但没有出现错误。这是我收到错误后的 dmesg 输出
[ 54.223129] PPP BSD Compression module registered
[ 54.230217] PPP Deflate Compression module registered
[ 2820.428584] systemd-hostnamed[7046]: Warning: nss-myhostname is not installed. Changing the local hostname might make it unresolveable. Please install nss-myhostname!
[ 2832.556302] ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x1f SErr 0x0 action 0x0
[ 2832.556311] ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000001
[ 2832.556318] ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
[ 2832.556328] ata1.00: cmd 60/00:00:a0:80:76/01:00:00:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq 131072 in
[ 2832.556328] res 41/40:00:68:81:76/00:00:00:00:00/40 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
[ 2832.556334] ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
[ 2832.556337] ata1.00: error: { UNC }
[ 2832.556341] ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
[ 2832.556350] ata1.00: cmd 60/00:08:a0:81:76/01:00:00:00:00/40 tag 1 ncq 131072 in
[ 2832.556350] res 41/40:08:68:81:76/00:00:00:00:00/40 Emask 0x9 (media error)
[ 2832.556354] ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
[ 2832.556357] ata1.00: error: { UNC }
[ 2832.556361] ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
[ 2832.556370] ata1.00: cmd 60/08:10:e0:f8:77/00:00:38:00:00/40 tag 2 ncq 4096 in
[ 2832.556370] res 41/40:08:68:81:76/00:00:00:00:00/40 Emask 0x9 (media error)
[ 2832.556374] ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
[ 2832.556377] ata1.00: error: { UNC }
[ 2832.556381] ata1.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[ 2832.556388] ata1.00: cmd 61/08:18:20:9c:fe/00:00:37:00:00/40 tag 3 ncq 4096 out
[ 2832.556388] res 41/40:08:68:81:76/00:00:00:00:00/40 Emask 0x9 (media error)
[ 2832.556393] ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
[ 2832.556396] ata1.00: error: { UNC }
[ 2832.556399] ata1.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[ 2832.556407] ata1.00: cmd 61/10:20:68:55:f8/00:00:38:00:00/40 tag 4 ncq 8192 out
[ 2832.556407] res 41/40:08:68:81:76/00:00:00:00:00/40 Emask 0x9 (media error)
[ 2832.556411] ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
[ 2832.556414] ata1.00: error: { UNC }
[ 2832.559154] ata1.00: configured for UDMA/100
[ 2832.559225] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Unhandled sense code
[ 2832.559231] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559234] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
[ 2832.559239] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559244] Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
[ 2832.559252] Descriptor sense data with sense descriptors (in hex):
[ 2832.559255] 72 03 11 04 00 00 00 0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00
[ 2832.559276] 00 76 81 68
[ 2832.559286] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559291] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
[ 2832.559296] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] CDB:
[ 2832.559300] Read(10): 28 00 00 76 80 a0 00 01 00 00
[ 2832.559317] end_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 7766376
[ 2832.559325] Buffer I/O error on device sda2, logical block 919597
[ 2832.559331] Buffer I/O error on device sda2, logical block 919598
[ 2832.559336] Buffer I/O error on device sda2, logical block 919599
[ 2832.559347] Buffer I/O error on device sda2, logical block 919600
[ 2832.559362] Buffer I/O error on device sda2, logical block 919601
[ 2832.559375] Buffer I/O error on device sda2, logical block 919602
[ 2832.559387] Buffer I/O error on device sda2, logical block 919603
[ 2832.559414] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Unhandled sense code
[ 2832.559419] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559422] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
[ 2832.559426] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559429] Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
[ 2832.559435] Descriptor sense data with sense descriptors (in hex):
[ 2832.559438] 72 03 11 04 00 00 00 0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00
[ 2832.559459] 00 76 81 68
[ 2832.559469] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559473] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
[ 2832.559478] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] CDB:
[ 2832.559481] Read(10): 28 00 00 76 81 a0 00 01 00 00
[ 2832.559499] end_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 7766432
[ 2832.559504] Buffer I/O error on device sda2, logical block 919604
[ 2832.559511] Buffer I/O error on device sda2, logical block 919605
[ 2832.559515] Buffer I/O error on device sda2, logical block 919606
[ 2832.559554] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Unhandled sense code
[ 2832.559558] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559561] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
[ 2832.559584] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559600] Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
[ 2832.559635] Descriptor sense data with sense descriptors (in hex):
[ 2832.559637] 72 03 11 04 00 00 00 0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00
[ 2832.559654] 00 76 81 68
[ 2832.559661] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559664] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
[ 2832.559668] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] CDB:
[ 2832.559670] Read(10): 28 00 38 77 f8 e0 00 00 08 00
[ 2832.559683] end_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 947386592
[ 2832.559705] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Unhandled sense code
[ 2832.559710] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559713] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
[ 2832.559717] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559720] Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
[ 2832.559725] Descriptor sense data with sense descriptors (in hex):
[ 2832.559728] 72 03 11 04 00 00 00 0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00
[ 2832.559787] 00 76 81 68
[ 2832.559801] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559804] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
[ 2832.559808] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] CDB:
[ 2832.559810] Write(10): 2a 00 37 fe 9c 20 00 00 08 00
[ 2832.559823] end_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 939432992
[ 2832.559829] EXT4-fs warning (device sda3): ext4_end_bio:317: I/O error writing to inode 656199 (offset 0 size 0 starting block 117429125)
[ 2832.559835] Buffer I/O error on device sda3, logical block 619140
[ 2832.559848] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Unhandled sense code
[ 2832.559852] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559854] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
[ 2832.559858] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559860] Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
[ 2832.559864] Descriptor sense data with sense descriptors (in hex):
[ 2832.559867] 72 03 11 04 00 00 00 0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00
[ 2832.559907] 00 76 81 68
[ 2832.559936] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda]
[ 2832.559939] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
[ 2832.559943] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] CDB:
[ 2832.559945] Write(10): 2a 00 38 f8 55 68 00 00 10 00
[ 2832.559958] end_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 955798888
[ 2832.559973] ata1: EH complete
[ 2832.560359] Aborting journal on device sda3-8.
[ 2832.560568] EXT4-fs error (device sda3): ext4_journal_check_start:56: Detected aborted journal
[ 2832.560579] EXT4-fs (sda3): Remounting filesystem read-only
[ 3049.268756] usb 8-1: new high-speed USB device number 2 using xhci_hcd
[ 3049.289221] usb 8-1: New USB device found, idVendor=058f, idProduct=6387
[ 3049.289229] usb 8-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[ 3049.289235] usb 8-1: Product: Mass Storage Device
[ 3049.289239] usb 8-1: Manufacturer: JetFlash
[ 3049.289242] usb 8-1: SerialNumber: C24YX2VM
[ 3049.390235] usb-storage 8-1:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
[ 3049.390386] scsi2 : usb-storage 8-1:1.0
[ 3049.390542] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[ 3050.389743] scsi 2:0:0:0: Direct-Access JetFlash Transcend 8GB 8.07 PQ: 0 ANSI: 2
[ 3050.390278] sd 2:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0
[ 3050.391841] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] 15687680 512-byte logical blocks: (8.03 GB/7.48 GiB)
[ 3050.392121] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off
[ 3050.392128] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 03 00 00 00
[ 3050.392293] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] No Caching mode page found
[ 3050.392301] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 3050.400811] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] No Caching mode page found
[ 3050.400823] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 3050.685511] sdb: sdb1
[ 3050.686534] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] No Caching mode page found
[ 3050.686540] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 3050.686545] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk
[ 3100.581379] usb 8-1: USB disconnect, device number 2
[ 3121.281998] init: Failed to write to log file /var/log/upstart/modemmanager.log
编辑：
smartctl --all /dev/sda3输出：
smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-3.13.0-24-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Toshiba 2.5" HDD MQ01ABD...
Device Model: TOSHIBA MQ01ABD050
Serial Number: 62FFS0NSS
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000039 415d005d5
Firmware Version: AX001C
User Capacity: 500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS (minor revision not indicated)
SATA Version is: SATA 2.6, 3.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Tue Mar 10 22:07:27 2015 IST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
See vendor-specific Attribute list for marginal Attributes.
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x80) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 120) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x51) SMART execute Offline immediate.
No Auto Offline data collection support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
No Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 112) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x003d) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 100 100 050 Pre-fail Always - 0
2 Throughput_Performance 0x0027 100 100 050 Pre-fail Always - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0023 100 100 002 Pre-fail Always - 1033
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 7111
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002f 100 100 050 Pre-fail Always - 0
8 Seek_Time_Performance 0x0025 100 100 050 Pre-fail Offline - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 080 080 000 Old_age Always - 8335
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0033 241 100 030 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 4562
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 001 Old_age Always - 3
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0033 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
185 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 001 Old_age Always - 65535
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 001 001 000 Old_age Always - 24842
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 097 000 Old_age Always - 613
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 001 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 060 036 040 Old_age Always In_the_past 40 (0 180 40 26 0)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 130
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 12189882
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 086 086 000 Old_age Always - 145203
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 060 036 040 Old_age Always In_the_past 40 (0 180 40 26 0)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 144
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 25434 (device log contains only the most recent five errors)
CR = Command Register [HEX]
FR = Features Register [HEX]
SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
ER = Error register [HEX]
ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.
Error 25434 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 8335 hours (347 days + 7 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 41 00 68 81 76 40 Error: WP at LBA = 0x00768168 = 7766376
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
61 08 20 00 08 b3 40 00 00:39:51.965 WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
60 08 18 e0 f8 77 40 00 00:39:46.515 READ FPDMA QUEUED
61 68 10 58 5d f8 40 00 00:39:46.467 WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 08 a0 81 76 40 00 00:39:44.619 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 80 76 40 00 00:39:44.601 READ FPDMA QUEUED
Error 25433 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 8334 hours (347 days + 6 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 41 00 68 81 76 40 Error: UNC at LBA = 0x00768168 = 7766376
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 08 a0 81 76 40 00 00:44:32.236 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 80 76 40 00 00:44:28.544 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 7f 76 40 00 00:44:28.528 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 7e 76 40 00 00:44:28.510 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 7d 76 40 00 00:44:28.493 READ FPDMA QUEUED
Error 25432 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 8333 hours (347 days + 5 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 41 00 68 81 76 40 Error: UNC at LBA = 0x00768168 = 7766376
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 08 a0 81 76 40 00 01:43:11.164 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 80 76 40 00 01:43:07.468 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 7f 76 40 00 01:43:07.452 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 7e 76 40 00 01:43:07.435 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 7d 76 40 00 01:43:07.419 READ FPDMA QUEUED
Error 25431 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 8333 hours (347 days + 5 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 41 00 18 f5 9e 40 Error: UNC at LBA = 0x009ef518 = 10417432
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 08 68 f5 9e 40 00 01:32:05.344 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 68 f4 9e 40 00 01:32:01.582 READ FPDMA QUEUED
61 28 00 48 a3 fb 40 00 01:31:59.969 WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
ea 00 00 00 00 00 a0 00 01:31:59.757 FLUSH CACHE EXT
61 08 00 68 54 f9 40 00 01:31:59.757 WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
Error 25430 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 8332 hours (347 days + 4 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 41 00 68 81 76 40 Error: UNC at LBA = 0x00768168 = 7766376
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 08 a0 81 76 40 00 00:05:40.184 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 80 76 40 00 00:05:36.483 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 7f 76 40 00 00:05:36.464 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 7e 76 40 00 00:05:36.443 READ FPDMA QUEUED
60 00 00 a0 7d 76 40 00 00:05:36.427 READ FPDMA QUEUED
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
fdisk -l输出
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x755b9e9a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 2048 409599 203776 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 409600 934479871 467035136 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda3 * 934479872 976560127 21040128 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 976560128 976771071 105472 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
答案1
我觉得你遇到了硬件问题。如果这是 SATA 驱动器，你可以更换 SATA 电缆，或者至少检查连接器等... 否则，你可以使用 fdisk -l 输出更新问题。
答案2
实际上，sda3 中没有坏块，但我在 sda2 中发现了很多。我所有的东西都在 sda2 中。因此，只有当我使用 sda2（例如听音乐、处理项目等）时才会出现这种只读行为。读取 sda2 中的这些坏块会导致将 sda2 重新挂载为只读文件系统。
我可以告诉 fsck 不要读取 sda2 上的这些坏块吗（由于我是双重启动，所以它是 NTFS 格式的）？
答案3
我的电脑出现这个问题已经一年多了，我试过所有办法来解决这个问题。突然，Linux 进入只读模式。如果你正在编辑某些内容，你无法保存，必须执行fsck命令并重置电脑。电脑也非常慢，而且一直卡住。我删除了双启动，只留下 Ubuntu，将 Ubuntu 从 18.04 LTS 版本升级到 20.04 LTS 版本，但没有用。解决问题的关键是使用命令dmesg。经验对我来说没用，只有这个命令。这个命令的功能是监控电脑。
就我而言，问题与SSD 与 Ubuntu 不兼容。我以前用的是 HDD，换成 SSD 后问题又出现了。问题解决了更新 SSD 固件，这只能通过分区的 Windows 来实现，因为金士顿没有通过 Linux 更新固件的程序。我还安装了双启动的 Windows 和 Linux，首先在整个 SSD 上安装 Windows，然后通过 Windows 释放空间并安装 Ubuntu，但这不太可能是解决问题的办法。